ArticlePLoS pathogens2019
Absence of adaptive evolution is the main barrier against influenza emergence in horses in Asia despite frequent virus interspecies transmission from wild birds.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transmission Pathways of Zoonotic Influenza Viruses and Influencing Factors: A Systematic Review of Recent Findings.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular and ecological determinants of mammalian adaptability in avian influenza virus.Infection · 2025Review
- Evidence of Influenza A(H5N1) Spillover Infections in Horses, Mongolia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Use of equine H3N8 hemagglutinin as a broadly protective influenza vaccine immunogen.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020-2023.Viruses · 2024Article
- A/(H1N1) pdm09 NS1 promotes viral replication by enhancing autophagy through hijacking the IAV negative regulatory factor LRPPRC.Autophagy · 2023Article
- Genetic characteristics of waterfowl-origin H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their pathogenesis in ducks and chickens.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses.Virus evolution · 2023Article
- Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Review
- Equine Influenza.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2022Review
- PB1 S524G mutation of wild bird-origin H3N8 influenza A virus enhances virulence and fitness for transmission in mammals.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Equine-Like H3 Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds, Chile.Emerging infectious diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Virus ecology and evolution play a central role in disease emergence. However, their relative roles will vary depending on the viruses and ecosystems involved. We combined field studies, phylogenetics and experimental infections to document with unprecedented detail the stages that precede initial outbreaks during viral emergence in nature. Using serological surveys we showed that in the absence of large-scale outbreaks, horses in Mongolia are routinely exposed to and infected by avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating among wild birds. Some of those AIVs are genetically related to an avian-origin virus that caused an epizootic in horses in 1989. Experimental infections showed that most AIVs replicate in the equine respiratory tract without causing lesions, explaining the absence of outbreaks of disease. Our results show that AIVs infect horses but do not spread, or they infect and spread but do not cause disease. Thus, the failure of AIVs to evolve greater transmissibility and to cause disease in horses is in this case the main barrier preventing disease emergence.
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