ArticleJournal of environmental health science & engineering2018
Breast milk contamination with lead and cadmium and its related factors in Kerman, Iran.
Article in Journal of environmental health science & engineering, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Contamination of breast milk with lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Human Milk as a Biomonitor of Toxic Metal Exposure: Sources, Transfer Mechanisms, and Implications for Infant Health-A Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Monte Carlo simulation approach for health risk analysis of heavy metals' contamination in infant formula and food on the Iranian market.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Lactational Exposure of Human Infants to Metal (loid)s: A Comparison of Industrial and Urban Inhabitants in North of the Persian Gulf.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Health Risk Assessments of Selected Trace Elements and Factors Associated with Their Levels in Human Breast Milk from Pretoria, South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Essential and toxic elements in human milk concentrate with human milk lyophilizate: A preclinical study.Environmental research · 2020Article
- Quantitative and semi-quantitative risk assessment of occupational exposure to lead among electrical solderers in Neyshabur, Iran.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Article
- Exposure to lead and its effect on sleep quality and digestive problems in soldering workers.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHeavy metals may be carcinogenic and have serious health effects in humans. In this study, levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in human milk samples from Kerman, Iran were evaluated.
methodsOne-hundred breast milk samples were collected from mothers visiting 20 maternal and child care centers. Demographic, diet and smoking data was collected for each mother. Samples were analyzed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Statistical analysis was done in Minitab15, through non-parametric methods, Spearman's correlation and chi-square.
resultsThe mean ± sd of Pb and Cd was 53.6 ± 64.9 and 8.01 ± 15.5 μg/L respectively. The median (25-75 percentiles) of Pb and Cd was 34.00 (4.00-81.75) and 5.00 (4.00-7.00) μg/L; 6 and 17% of infants were receiving higher than recommended levels of lead and cadmium respectively. Mothers who took fat off their meat before eating and mothers who had a vaginal delivery had higher levels of Cd than others (
conclusionLead and cadmium contamination was considerable among mothers' in Kerman, Iran. There is a need for decreasing the current levels in food, air, water and other consumer products such as cosmetics.
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