Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30728484›Full record

ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2020

Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouths.

Laura H Kwong, Ayse Ercumen, Amy J Pickering, Leanne Unicomb, Jennifer Davis, Stephen P Luby

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.1field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Laura H KwongDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. lakwong@stanford.edu.
Ayse ErcumenDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Amy J PickeringDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Leanne UnicombInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Jennifer DavisDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Stephen P LubyWoods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Stanford University · USInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research · BDNorth Carolina State University · USPalo Alto Institute · USTufts University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Children are exposed to environmental contaminants through direct ingestion of water, food, soil, and feces, and through indirect ingestion owing to mouthing hands and objects. We quantified ingestion among 30 rural Bangladeshi children < 4 years old, recording every item touched or mouthed during 6-hour video observations that occurred annually for 3 years. We calculated the frequency and duration of mouthing and the prevalence of mouth contacts with soil and feces. We compared the mouthing frequency distributions to those from US children to evaluate the appropriateness of applying the US data to the Bangladeshi context. Median hand-mouthing frequency was 43-72 times/h and object-mouthing frequency 17-34 times/h among the five age groups assessed. For half of the observations, > 75% of all hand mouthing was associated with eating. The frequency of indoor hand mouthing not related to eating was similar to the frequency of all indoor hand mouthing among children in the United States. Object-mouthing frequency was higher among Bangladeshi children compared with US children. There was low intra-child correlation of mouthing frequencies over our longitudinal visits. Our results suggest that children's hand- and object-mouthing vary by geography and culture and that future exposure assessments can be cross-sectional if the goal is to estimate population-level distributions of mouthing frequencies. Of all observations, a child consumed soil in 23% and feces in 1%.

Indexed as

Child BehaviorAccidents, HomeChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesEatingEnvironmental ExposureEnvironmental PollutionEthnicityFecesFemaleHandHumansMaleMouthRural PopulationSoilBangladeshexposure factorsindirect ingestionmicroactivitiesmicro-level activity time series data set (MLATS)mouthing

Identifiers

PMID30728484
OpenAlexW4206539998

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.