Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30728309›Full record

ArticleNeurology2019

Education and cognitive reserve in old age.

Robert S Wilson, Lei Yu, Melissa Lamar, Julie A Schneider, Patricia A Boyle, David A Bennett

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06836141 (Silent Brain Infarcts in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage as a Prognostic Biomarker for Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia), which is not on this map. Cited by 165 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
165citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06836141 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Silent Brain Infarcts in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage as a Prognostic Biomarker for Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID)

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorRush University Medical CenterRan2025 to 2029Enrolled118ConditionsPrimary Intracerebral HemorrhageArmsMRI, Blood Draw, Cognitive Test
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

165 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Observational
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. The policy exposome of dementia: Gaps, opportunities, and research agenda.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Article

105 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Robert S WilsonFrom the Departments of Neurological Sciences (R.S.W., L.Y., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Behavioral Sciences (R.S.W., M.L., P.A.B.), and Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL. rwilson@rush.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-8184-4103
Lei YuFrom the Departments of Neurological Sciences (R.S.W., L.Y., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Behavioral Sciences (R.S.W., M.L., P.A.B.), and Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL.
Melissa LamarFrom the Departments of Neurological Sciences (R.S.W., L.Y., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Behavioral Sciences (R.S.W., M.L., P.A.B.), and Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL.
Julie A SchneiderFrom the Departments of Neurological Sciences (R.S.W., L.Y., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Behavioral Sciences (R.S.W., M.L., P.A.B.), and Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL.
Patricia A BoyleFrom the Departments of Neurological Sciences (R.S.W., L.Y., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Behavioral Sciences (R.S.W., M.L., P.A.B.), and Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL.
David A BennettFrom the Departments of Neurological Sciences (R.S.W., L.Y., J.A.S., D.A.B.), Behavioral Sciences (R.S.W., M.L., P.A.B.), and Pathology (J.A.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL.

Funding

SUPPLEMENT TO RUSH ALZHEIMERS DISEASE CENTER COREP30AG010161 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI LEURGANS, SUE E. · 1991 to 2020
$49.1M
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NEURAL RESERVE AND NEUROBIOLOGY IN AGINGR01AG017917 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 2001 to 2023
$43.3M
TAU, AB, SYNUCLEIN AND NITRATIVE/OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN MCIP01AG014449 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH · PI COUNTS, SCOTT E · 1997 to 2024
$39.7M
The National Institute on Aging (NIA) Late Onset of Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD) Family-Based Study (FBS)U24AG056270 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI Gary Wayne Beecham, TATIANA M. FOROUD · 2017 to 2026
$31.4M
RISK FACTORS, PATHOLOGY, AND CLINICAL EXPRESSIONS OF ADR01AG015819 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 1998 to 2024
$21.4M
Personality and Health--A Longtitudinal StudyR01AG020048 · NIA · OREGON RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI EDMONDS, GRANT · 2002 to 2021
$16.5M
Higher Precision Human and Mouse TranscriptomesUM1HG009443 · NHGRI · CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI MORTAZAVI, SEYED ALI, WOLD, BARBARA J · 2017 to 2021
$15.5M
Pathway discovery, validation and compound identification for Alzheimer's disease - SupplementU01AG046152 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN, DE JAGER, PHILIP L · 2013 to 2017
$13.6M
Recurrent Hemorrhagic Stroke in Minority PopulationsR01NS093870 · NINDS · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI JONATHAN ROSAND, Amytis Towfighi · 2016 to 2026
$12.3M
African Ancestry and the Genomic Architecture of AD and Other Common Neurodegenerative Disease NeuropathologiesR01AG054058 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 2016 to 2023
$8.9M
Characterizing the Behavior Profile of Healthy Cognitive AgingR01AG034374 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI PATRICIA A BOYLE · 2009 to 2026
$8.8M
Discovery of Novel Proteomic Targets in Alzheimer's DiseaseU01AG046161 · NIA · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN, GESCHWIND, DANIEL H · 2014 to 2018
$8.4M
NHGRI NIH HHS UM1 HG009443NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL129153NIA NIH HHS P01 AG014449NIA NIH HHS P30 AG010161NIA NIH HHS R01 AG015819NIA NIH HHS R01 AG017917NIA NIH HHS R01 AG020048NIA NIH HHS R01 AG029672NIA NIH HHS R01 AG033570NIA NIH HHS R01 AG033678NIA NIH HHS R01 AG034374NIA NIH HHS R01 AG046174NIA NIH HHS R01 AG047976NIA NIH HHS R01 AG048108NIA NIH HHS R01 AG050431NIA NIH HHS R01 AG050631NIA NIH HHS R01 AG051635NIA NIH HHS R01 AG052488NIA NIH HHS R01 AG053446NIA NIH HHS R01 AG054058NIA NIH HHS R01 AG054476NIA NIH HHS R01 AG055430NIA NIH HHS R01 AG056352NIA NIH HHS R01 AG056533NIA NIH HHS R01 AG057907NIA NIH HHS R01 AG057911NIA NIH HHS R01 AG057912NIA NIH HHS R01 AG057914NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG015819NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG022018NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG036042NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG048056NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG051641NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG052476NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG054057NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG057471NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG057473NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG057532NIA NIH HHS U01 AG046152NIA NIH HHS U01 AG046161NIA NIH HHS U24 AG056270NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK099269NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS084965NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS086736NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS089674NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS093870NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS095723NINDS NIH HHS UH2 NS100599
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo assess the contribution of education to cognitive reserve.

methodsAnalyses are based on older participants in a longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort study who had annual cognitive testing (n = 2,899) and subgroups that developed incident dementia (n = 696), died, and underwent a neuropathologic examination from which 10 neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular markers were derived (n = 752), or both (n = 405). Cognitive test scores were converted to a standard scale and averaged to yield composite measures of cognition.

resultsParticipants had a mean of 16.3 years of education (SD = 3.7, range 0-30). In all participants, education was associated with initial level of global cognition but not rate of cognitive change. In those who developed dementia, rate of global cognitive decline accelerated a mean of 1.8 years before the diagnosis, but education was not related to the onset or rate of accelerated decline. In the deceased, rate of global cognitive decline accelerated a mean of 3.4 years before death, but higher educational attainment was related to earlier (not later) onset of accelerated decline and unrelated to rate of acceleration. Higher education was associated with lower likelihood of gross and microscopic cerebral infarcts but not with other neuropathologic markers. Education was not related to global cognitive change not attributable to neuropathologic burden and did not decrease the association of higher neuropathologic burden with more rapid cognitive decline.

conclusionThe results suggest that the contribution of education to cognitive reserve is limited to its association with level of cognitive function before old age.

Indexed as

Cognitive ReserveEducational StatusAgedAged, 80 and overBrainDementiaFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleNeuropsychological TestsPrimary Prevention

Identifiers

PMID30728309
PMCPMC6442015

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.