SynthesisThe Journal of infectious diseases2019
A Global Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs-Do Gender-Based Differences Vary by Country-Level Indicators?
Synthesis in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association between opioid agonist therapy use and HIV testing uptake among people who have recently injected drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Hepatitis B virus infection among people who use drugs in Iran: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trend analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of a social network intervention on HIV seroconversion among people who inject drugs in Ukraine: moderation by network gender composition.Harm reduction journal · 2023Trial
- A Gender-Based Descriptive Analysis of the Canadian Network Undertaking Against Hepatitis C (CANUHC) Cohort From 2015-2023.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Gender differences in social networks of women and men who inject drugs in Kenya.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- Leveraging injection networks to prevent HIV and other blood borne infections among people who inject drugs in Kenya: design and rationale.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Chronic Hepatitis B and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes in the United States: A Multisite Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of hepatic steatosis on mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma, end-stage liver disease and HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B: a United States cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Frequencies of anInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Sex and gender differences in hepatitis C virus risk, prevention, and cascade of care in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Situational assessment and epidemiology of HIV, HBV and HCV among people who use and inject drugs in Ghana.PloS one · 2024Article
- Review
- HCV, HIV AND HBV rapid test diagnosis in non-clinical outreach settings can be as accurate as conventional laboratory tests.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease.Pharmacological reviews · 2023Review
- HCV Genotype Distribution Among People Who Inject Drug in Turkey: Findings from Multicenter and Cross-Sectional Study.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2023Article
- Applications of research evidence during processes to acquire approvals for syringe services program implementation in rural counties in Kentucky.Annals of medicine · 2022Article
- Characteristics associated with HIV and hepatitis C seroprevalence among sexual and injecting partners of HIV positive persons who inject drugs in Nairobi and coastal Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Participants of a mail delivery syringe services program are underserved by other safe sources for sterile injection supplies.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen-specific factors exist that increases vulnerability to drug-related harms from injection drug use, including blood-borne viruses (BBVs), but gender-based differences in BBV prevalence have not been systematically examined.
methodsWe conducted meta-analyses to estimate country, regional, and global prevalence of serologically confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV; based on detection of anti-HCV antibody), and hepatitis B virus (HBV; based on detection of HBV surface antigen) in people who inject drugs (PWID), by gender. Gender-based differences in the BBV prevalence (calculated as the risk among women relative to the risk among men) were regressed on country-level prevalence and inequality measures (Gender inequality index, Human development index, Gini coefficient, and high, low or middle income of the country).
resultsGender-based differences varied by countries and regions. HIV prevalence was higher among women than men in sub-Saharan Africa (relative risk [RR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-4.4) and South Asia (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7); anti-HCV was lower among women in the Middle East and North Africa (RR, 0.6; 95% CI, .5-.7) and East and Southeast Asia (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, .7-.9). Gender-based differences varied with country-levels of the BBV prevalence in the general population, human development, and income distribution.
conclusionHIV was more prevalent in women who inject drugs as compared to their male counterparts in some countries, but there is variation between and within regions. In countries where women are at higher risks, there is a need to develop gender-sensitive harm-reduction services for the particularly marginalized population of women who inject drugs.
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