Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling for Coptisine Challenge of Inflammation in LPS-Stimulated Rats.

Pro-inflammatory factors are important indicators for assessing inflammation severity and drug efficacy. Coptisine has been reported to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α and NO production. In this study, we aim to build a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model to quantify the coptisine time course and potency of its anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated rats. The plasma and lung coptisine concentrations, plasma and lung TNF-α concentrations, plasma NO concentration, and lung iNOS expression were measured in LPS-stimulated rats after intravenous injection of three coptisine doses. The coptisine disposition kinetics were described by a two-compartment model. The coptisine distribution process from the plasma to the lung was described by first-order dynamics. The dynamics of plasma TNF-α generation and elimination followed zero-order kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten equation. A first-order kinetic model described the TNF-α diffusion process from the plasma to the lung. A precursor-pool indirect response model was used to describe the iNOS and NO generation induced by TNF-α. The inhibition rates of TNF-α production by coptisine (54.73%, 26.49%, and 13.25%) calculated from the simulation model were close to the decline rates of the plasma TNF-α AUC (57.27%, 40.33%, and 24.98%, respectively). Coptisine suppressed plasma TNF-α generation in a linear manner, resulting in a cascading reduction of iNOS and NO. The early term TNF-α response to stimulation is a key factor in the subsequent inflammatory cascade. In conclusion, this comprehensive PK-PD model provided a rational explanation for the interlocking relationship among TNF-α, iNOS and NO production triggered by LPS and a quantitative evaluation method for inhibition of TNF-α production by coptisine.