SynthesisPsychological medicine2020
Migration and psychosis: a meta-analysis of incidence studies.
Synthesis in Psychological medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia spectrum disorders around the globe: a mapping review of the literature.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2025Pooled it
- The qualitative accounts of black informal carers of people with psychosis and their experiences accessing mental health services: a systematic review.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- The mental health of European adolescents with vs. without a migration background (2013-2024)-a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Chronic social stressors and striatal dopamine functioning in humans: A systematic review of SPECT and PET studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Racism and psychosis: an umbrella review and qualitative analysis of the mental health consequences of racism.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- The incidence of non-affective psychotic disorders in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- Migration modulates the prevalence of ASD and ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- The ethnic density effect in psychosis: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2021Pooled it
- The associations between migrant status and ethnicity and the identification of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and transition to psychosis: a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Migration and dementia: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies in Europe.Psychological medicine · 2021Pooled it
- The association between migrant status and transition in an ultra-high risk for psychosis population.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Traumatic Events, Social Adversity and Discrimination as Risk Factors for Psychosis - An Umbrella Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- The Maudsley environmental risk score for psychosis.Psychological medicine · 2020Pooled it
- International incidence of psychotic disorders, 2002-17: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Public health · 2019Pooled it
- Evidence-based atlas of risk and protective factors for psychotic disorders: an umbrella review to inform personalized prognosis and prevention.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Demographic and clinical profiles of drug-induced psychosis: age, gender, and social context in a German cohort.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Potential for Genomics to Help Guide Preventive Strategies in Psychiatry.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- Substance use disorders among refugee and non-refugee immigrants in Sweden.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Sex-specific drivers of non-affective psychotic disorders within migrant groups: A 25-year retrospective cohort study of 2 million migrants.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Maternal ethnicity, severe perinatal mental illness and involuntary admission: mother and baby unit service evaluation.BJPsych bulletin · 2026Article
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe aims of this meta-analysis are (i) to estimate the pooled relative risk (RR) of developing non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD) and affective psychotic disorder (APD) among migrants and their children; (ii) to adjust these results for socioeconomic status (SES); (iii) to examine the sources of heterogeneity that underlie the risk of NAPD.
methodsWe included population-based incidence studies that reported an age-adjusted RR with 95% confidence interval (CI) published 1 January 1977-12 October 2017 and used a random-effects model.
resultsWe retrieved studies performed in Europe (n = 43), Israel (n = 3), Canada (n = 2) and Australia (n = 1). The meta-analysis yielded a RR, adjusted for age and sex, of 2.13 (95% CI 1.99-2.27) for NAPD and 2.94 (95% CI 2.28-3.79) for APD. The RRs diminished, but persisted after adjustment for SES. With reference to NAPD: a personal or parental history of migration to Europe from countries outside Europe was associated with a higher RR (RR = 2.94, 95% CI 2.63-3.29) than migration within Europe (RR = 1.88, 95% 1.62-2.18). The corresponding RR was lower in Israel (RR = 1.22; 0.99-1.50) and Canada (RR = 1.21; 0.85-1.74). The RR was highest among individuals with a black skin colour (RR = 4.19, 95% CI 3.42-5.14). The evidence of a difference in risk between first and second generation was insufficient.
conclusionsPositive selection may explain the low risk in Canada, while the change from exclusion to inclusion may do the same in Israel. Given the high risks among migrants from developing countries in Europe, social exclusion may have a pathogenic role.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.