Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30721956›Full record

ArticleAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2019

Humans against Obesity: Who Will Win?

Benjamin Caballero

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06585371 (Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of a 6-month Intragastric Balloon), which is not on this map. Cited by 347 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
347citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06585371 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of a 6-month Intragastric Balloon

TypeobservationalSponsorMEDICONE PROJETOS E SOLUCOES PARA A INDUSTRIA E A SAUDE LTDARan2024 to 2025Enrolled46ConditionsObesity and Overweight
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

347 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  17. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2026
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287 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Benjamin CaballeroGlobal Obesity Prevention Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The global obesity epidemic continues its relentless advance, currently affecting >2 billion people. This paper explores alternative ways to assess the potential disease impact of the epidemic, which is currently based almost exclusively on body mass index (BMI) data. It also argues in favor of concerted efforts to modify the built ecosystem that is driving the obesity epidemic. Most of the epidemiologic data on obesity are based on BMI (in kg/m2) and use the ranges of 18.5-24.9 for normality, 25-29.9 for overweight, and ≥30 for obesity. But the gap between the median of the "normal" BMI distribution (∼22) and the current population BMI of, for example, the United States (27.7) has become so wide that it is unlikely that we will be able to close that gap in the near future. Furthermore, the correlation between BMI and disease risk is not linear. Over 60% of the global disease burden of obesity affects individuals with a BMI ≥30, who comprise only ∼10% of the global population of overweight/obese persons. Furthermore, BMI accounts for only ∼17% of the risk of insulin resistance and subsequent type 2 diabetes in the BMI ≥25 population. Epigenetics, specifically DNA methylation, appears to play a far more important role than BMI in determining the risk of obesity's comorbidities, such as diabetes. Similarly, socioeconomic status carries a higher risk than BMI level for the development of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases. Finally, the built environment that sustains our species' lifestyle is a major driver of the obesity epidemic. Modifying that ecosystem will require no less than a social movement, one able to promote and sustain the necessary coordinated action of virtually all sectors of society.

Indexed as

Body Mass IndexCost of IllnessGlobal HealthComorbidityDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2DNA MethylationEcosystemEnvironment DesignEpigenesis, GeneticHumansInsulin ResistanceLife StyleObesitySocial Class

Identifiers

PMID30721956
PMCPMC6363526

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.