Biosynthetic production of fully carbon-13 labeled retinal in E. coli for structural and functional studies of rhodopsins.

The isomerization of a covalently bound retinal is an integral part of both microbial and animal rhodopsin function. As such, detailed structure and conformational changes in the retinal binding pocket are of significant interest and are studied in various NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy experiments, which commonly require isotopic labeling of retinal. Unfortunately, the de novo organic synthesis of an isotopically-labeled retinal is complex and often cost-prohibitive, especially for large scale expression required for solid-state NMR. We present the novel protocol for biosynthetic production of an isotopically labeled retinal ligand concurrently with an apoprotein in E. coli as a cost-effective alternative to the de novo organic synthesis. Previously, the biosynthesis of a retinal precursor, β-carotene, has been introduced into many different organisms. We extended this system to the prototrophic E. coli expression strain BL21 in conjunction with the inducible expression of a β-dioxygenase and proteo-opsin. To demonstrate the applicability of this system, we were able to assign several new carbon resonances for proteorhodopsin-bound retinal by using fully