ArticleCirculation2019
Racial Differences in Sudden Cardiac Death.
Article in Circulation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Race and Ethnicity Disparities in Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality: the Role of Socioeconomic Status-a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Pooled it
- 2020 APHRS/HRS expert consensus statement on the investigation of decedents with sudden unexplained death and patients with sudden cardiac arrest, and of their families.Heart rhythm · 2021Guideline
- Trends and Demographic Disparities Among Adults With Sudden Cardiac Death and Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: A Nationwide Analysis.Journal of arrhythmia · 2026Article
- Barriers and Facilitators for Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Automated External Defibrillator Use in Diverse and Underserved Cities in Los Angeles County, California.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Genetics of Sudden Cardiac Death.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Trends in Mortalities due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the United States Population.Journal of arrhythmia · 2025Article
- Does Single Dose Epinephrine Improve Outcomes for Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest by Sex or Race?The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Demographics and Trends of Sudden Cardiac Death-Related Mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2022.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Incident arrhythmias in relation to ventilatory parameters and pulmonary disease: evidence from two prospective cohort studies.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Nonatherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease.Cardiology clinics · 2025Review
- Ejection Fraction Indexed to Left Ventricular Mass and Its Association With Cardiac Event Risk in a Community Population With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Measuring disparities in out of hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in Chicago community areas.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- Socio-economic position and sudden cardiac death: a Danish nationwide study.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2025Article
- Genetic QT score as a predictor of sudden cardiac death in participants with sleep-disordered breathing in the UK Biobank.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Observational study of sudden cardiac arrest risk (OSCAR): Rationale and design of an electronic health records cohort.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2025Article
- Trends in Sudden Cardiac Death Among Adults Aged 25 to 44 Years in the United States: An Analysis of 2 Large US Databases.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Superwoman schema and arterial stiffness in Black American women: assessing the role of environmental mastery.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Article
- Ventricular arrhythmias in association with athletic cardiac remodelling.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2024Review
- Racial Disparities in Clinical Outcomes of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: An Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample 2006 to 2018.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlacks have a higher incidence of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death (SCD) in comparison with whites. However, the racial differences in the cumulative risk of SCD and the reasons for these differences have not been assessed in large-scale community-based cohorts. The objective of this study is to compare the lifetime cumulative risk of SCD among blacks and whites, and to evaluate the risk factors that may explain racial differences in SCD risk in the general population.
methodsThis is a cohort study of 3832 blacks and 11 237 whites participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). Race was self-reported. SCD was defined as a sudden pulseless condition from a cardiac cause in a previously stable individual, and SCD cases were adjudicated by an expert committee. Cumulative incidence was computed using competing risk models. Potential mediators included demographic and socioeconomic factors, cardiovascular risk factors, presence of coronary heart disease, and electrocardiographic parameters as time-varying factors.
resultsThe mean (SD) age was 53.6 (5.8) years for blacks and 54.4 (5.7) years for whites. During 27.4 years of follow-up, 215 blacks and 332 whites experienced SCD. The lifetime cumulative incidence of SCD at age 85 years was 9.6, 6.6, 6.5, and 2.3% for black men, black women, white men, and white women, respectively. The sex-adjusted hazard ratio for SCD comparing blacks with whites was 2.12 (95% CI, 1.79-2.51). The association was attenuated but still statistically significant in fully adjusted models (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.11-1.71). In mediation analysis, known factors explained 65.3% (95% CI 37.9-92.8%) of the excess risk of SCD in blacks in comparison with whites. The single most important factor explaining this difference was income (50.5%), followed by education (19.1%), hypertension (22.1%), and diabetes mellitus (19.6%). Racial differences were evident in both genders but stronger in women than in men.
conclusionsBlacks had a much higher risk for SCD in comparison with whites, particularly among women. Income, education, and traditional risk factors explained ≈65% of the race difference in SCD. The high burden of SCD and the racial-gender disparities observed in our study represent a major public health and clinical problem.
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