ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2019
"Flakka" use among high school seniors in the United States.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Persistent binding at dopamine transporters determines sustained psychostimulant effects.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Relative reinforcing effects of cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) under a concurrent access self-administration procedure in rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- Sex differences in inflammatory cytokine levels following synthetic cathinone self-administration in rats.Neurotoxicology · 2022Article
- Substance use among adolescents and young adults with chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Review
- Alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone and mephedrone self-administration produce differential neurochemical changes following short- or long-access conditions in rats.European journal of pharmacology · 2021Article
- Flakka: New Dangerous Synthetic Cathinone on the Drug Scene.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- The clinical challenges of synthetic cathinones.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2020Article
- Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2020Review
- Synthetic cathinone self-administration in female rats modulates neurotransmitter levels in addiction-related brain regions.Behavioural brain research · 2019Article
- Self-administration of the synthetic cathinones 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) in rhesus monkeys.Psychopharmacology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUse of synthetic cathinones, commonly referred to as "bath salts", has been associated with tens of thousands of emergency department visits in the US; however, few national studies have estimated prevalence of use and we know very little about use among adolescents. In this study we estimate prevalence and correlates of use of "Flakka" (alpha-PVP), a highly-potent "bath salt" associated with at least 80 deaths in the US.
methodsWe analyzed data from the 2016/2017 Monitoring the Future study, which surveyed a nationally representative sample of high school seniors in the US (n = 3786). Bivariable and multivariable models were used to determine demographic and drug-related correlates of use.
resultsOverall, 0.8% (95% CI: 0.5-1.2) of high school seniors in 2016/2017 is estimated to have used Flakka in the past year. Students whose parents have less than a high school education were at higher odds for use (aOR = 4.12, 95% CI: 1.00-16.94). Flakka users reported high prevalence of use of other drugs, particularly synthetic cannabinoids (85.6%), ketamine (72.3%), marijuana (59.1%), and GHB (47.5%). Flakka use was also associated with use of a higher number of other drugs and higher frequency of use of other drugs, with 51.7% using 4-12 other drugs and 22.4% using 4-12 other drugs >6 times.
conclusionsStudents who use multiple drugs are elevated risk for Flakka use, suggesting synthetic cathinone use alone is rare and the use of multiple substances may compound adverse effects of these drugs. Socio-economic disparities are concerning given reduced access to prevention and intervention.
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