ArticleAmerican journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics2019
Quantifying between-cohort and between-sex genetic heterogeneity in major depressive disorder.
Article in American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-stratified genome-wide association meta-analysis of major depressive disorder.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains.Nature genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Poor mood after oral contraceptive use is associated with increased vulnerability to peripartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and higher genetic risk for depression.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- The predicament of heritable confounders.Nature genetics · 2026Review
- Local genetic sex differences in quantitative traits.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Assessment and ascertainment in psychiatric molecular genetics: challenges and opportunities for cross-disorder research.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- No relationship between male pubertal timing and depression - new insights from epidemiology and Mendelian randomization.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
- Plasma amino acids in major depressive disorder: between pathology to pharmacology.EXCLI journal · 2024Review
- Sex Significantly Impacts the Function of Major Depression-Linked Variants In Vivo.Biological psychiatry · 2023Article
- The genetic basis of major depressive disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Review
- Review
- A Common Genetic Factor Underlies Genetic Risk for Gynaecological and Reproductive Disorders and Is Correlated with Risk to Depression.Neuroendocrinology · 2023Article
- Understanding the relationships between physiological and psychosocial stress, cortisol and cognition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Genetic and environmental contributions to psychopathological symptoms stability and change across the COVID-19 pandemic.Psychiatry research · 2022Article
- Causal relationship between genetically predicted depression and cancer risk: a two-sample bi-directional mendelian randomization.BMC cancer · 2022Article
- Sex-Dependent Shared and Nonshared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders.Biological psychiatry · 2022Article
- Causal Effect of Age at Menarche on the Risk for Depression: Results From a Two-Sample Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- A Comparison of Ten Polygenic Score Methods for Psychiatric Disorders Applied Across Multiple Cohorts.Biological psychiatry · 2021Article
- Examining Sex-Differentiated Genetic Effects Across Neuropsychiatric and Behavioral Traits.Biological psychiatry · 2021Article
- Reviewing the genetics of heterogeneity in depression: operationalizations, manifestations and etiologies.Human molecular genetics · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
27 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is clinically heterogeneous with prevalence rates twice as high in women as in men. There are many possible sources of heterogeneity in MDD most of which are not measured in a sufficiently comparable way across study samples. Here, we assess genetic heterogeneity based on two fundamental measures, between-cohort and between-sex heterogeneity. First, we used genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics to investigate between-cohort genetic heterogeneity using the 29 research cohorts of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC; N cases = 16,823, N controls = 25,632) and found that some of the cohort heterogeneity can be attributed to ascertainment differences (such as recruitment of cases from hospital vs. community sources). Second, we evaluated between-sex genetic heterogeneity using GWAS summary statistics from the PGC, Kaiser Permanente GERA, UK Biobank, and the Danish iPSYCH studies but did not find convincing evidence for genetic differences between the sexes. We conclude that there is no evidence that the heterogeneity between MDD data sets and between sexes reflects genetic heterogeneity. Larger sample sizes with detailed phenotypic records and genomic data remain the key to overcome heterogeneity inherent in assessment of MDD.
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