ArticleNeuroImage2019
General functional connectivity: Shared features of resting-state and task fMRI drive reliable and heritable individual differences in functional brain networks.
Article in NeuroImage, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 193 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
193 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 346 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroimaging Meta-Analyses Reveal Convergence of Interoception, Emotion, and Social Cognition Across Neurodegenerative Diseases.Biological psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- What Is the Test-Retest Reliability of Common Task-Functional MRI Measures? New Empirical Evidence and a Meta-Analysis.Psychological science · 2020Pooled it
- Brain connectivity under light sedation with midazolam and ketamine during task performance and the periodic experience of pain: Examining concordance between different approaches for seed-based connectivity analysis.Brain imaging and behavior · 2023Trial
- Validation of ketamine as a pharmacological model of thalamic dysconnectivity across the illness course of schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Multilevel growth curve analyses of behavioral activation for anhedonia (BATA) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy effects on anhedonia and resting-state functional connectivity: Interim results of a randomized trialJournal of affective disorders · 2021Trial
- Intrinsic reward circuit connectivity profiles underlying symptom and quality of life outcomes following antidepressant medication: a report from the iSPOT-D trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Different functional connectivity gradients reflect aging and Alzheimer's disease.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Article
- Functional brain organization is stable within individuals across years.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Feature selection leads to divergent neurobiological interpretations of brain-based machine learning biomarkers.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Increasing the Reliability of Functional Connectivity by Predicting Long-Scan Functional Connectivity based on Short-Scan Functional Connectivity: Model Exploration, Explanation, Validation, and Application.Neuroinformatics · 2026Article
- Resting-state functional connectivity and cognitive impairment after COVID-19 infection: Evidence from a large-scale fMRI study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Article
- An Examination of Task-Evoked fMRI Data Processing in Functional Connectivity.Journal of neuroscience research · 2026Article
- Supervised Domain Adaptation Mitigates Cross-Ethnicity Prediction Error in Neuroimaging-Based Cognitive Prediction.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- External validation improves generalizability, replicability and reproducibility in predictive models for neuroimaging.Nature methods · 2026Review
- Resting-state and task-state fNIRS fusion assessment method for upper limb motor function in stroke patients.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Shared and Unique Connectivity Signatures of Reading and Language Deficits.Journal of cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Cognitive control as a transdiagnostic mechanism of action in psychedelic effects.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- A low-variance subspace underlies individual differences in resting state fMRI.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Acute psilocin increased cortical activity in rat.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Intrinsic connectivity, measured using resting-state fMRI, has emerged as a fundamental tool in the study of the human brain. However, due to practical limitations, many studies do not collect enough resting-state data to generate reliable measures of intrinsic connectivity necessary for studying individual differences. Here we present general functional connectivity (GFC) as a method for leveraging shared features across resting-state and task fMRI and demonstrate in the Human Connectome Project and the Dunedin Study that GFC offers better test-retest reliability than intrinsic connectivity estimated from the same amount of resting-state data alone. Furthermore, at equivalent scan lengths, GFC displayed higher estimates of heritability than resting-state functional connectivity. We also found that predictions of cognitive ability from GFC generalized across datasets, performing as well or better than resting-state or task data alone. Collectively, our work suggests that GFC can improve the reliability of intrinsic connectivity estimates in existing datasets and, subsequently, the opportunity to identify meaningful correlates of individual differences in behavior. Given that task and resting-state data are often collected together, many researchers can immediately derive more reliable measures of intrinsic connectivity through the adoption of GFC rather than solely using resting-state data. Moreover, by better capturing heritable variation in intrinsic connectivity, GFC represents a novel endophenotype with broad applications in clinical neuroscience and biomarker discovery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.