ArticleJournal of anatomy2019
Force-generating capacity of the toe flexor muscles and dynamic function of the foot arch in upright standing.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Great Toe Strength and Direct Assessment Methods: A Scoping Review for Clinical Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Synchronous Retrograde Replantation Method for the Repair of Completely Severed Toes: A Four-Year Follow-Up.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Characterization of Great Toe Extension Strength Using ToeScale-A Novel Portable Device.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Age-Related Reduction of Foot Intrinsic Muscle Function and the Relationship with Postural Stability in Old Adults.Clinical interventions in aging · 2024Article
- Association between Toe Pressure Strength in the Standing Position and Maximum Walking Speed in Older Adults.Annals of geriatric medicine and research · 2023Article
- Relationship of Chronic Ankle Instability With Foot Alignment and Dynamic Postural Stability in Adolescent Competitive Athletes.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Relationships between Foot Morphology and Foot Muscle Strength in Healthy Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The muscle and tendon complex of the foot helps to support the foot arch and generates the muscle force of the foot. The present study investigated the force-generating capacity of the toe flexor muscles and the dynamic function of the foot arch when standing upright, and the relationships between these indices. The maximum toe flexor force and foot arch height in the sitting and standing positions were studied in the left and right feet of 224 healthy young individuals. To measure the maximum isometric force of the toe flexor muscles, the subjects exerted maximum force on a toe grip dynamometer. Measurements were repeated three times with at least a 1-min rest period between bouts, and the maximum value among the measurements for each foot was used for further analysis. The absolute value of the toe flexor strength was normalised by body mass. The foot arch height was measured the distance between the tuberosity of the navicular bone and the floor, and normalised by height. The relative foot arch height difference between the sitting and standing positions was evaluated as the foot arch dynamics. The maximum isometric toe flexor strength was 42% higher in the standing position than in the sitting position. There was no relationship between the relative toe flexor strength and the relative foot arch height in either the sitting or standing positions; however, the relative increase in toe flexor strength from sitting to standing (the force amplification factor) was related to the foot arch dynamics, and the flexible foot arch showed a greater increase in the toe flexor strength from sitting to standing compared with the strength in the stiff foot arch. The results of this study suggest that the force-generating capacity of the toe flexor muscles is augmented by bodyweight bearing in upright standing. Additionally, the force amplification mechanism is mechanically regulated by the dynamic function of the foot arch in conjunction with the stretching of the muscle-tendon complex of the foot.
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Registered trials
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