ReviewPsychopharmacology2019
Exploring cocoa properties: is theobromine a cognitive modulator?
Review in Psychopharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04389723 (A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Qualia Mind on Cognition in a Healthy Population), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Qualia Mind on Cognition in a Healthy Population
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of cocoa extract supplementation on cognitive function: results from the clinic subcohort of the COSMOS trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Trial
- A combined DHA-rich fish oil and cocoa flavanols intervention does not improve cognition or brain structure in older adults with memory complaints: results from the CANN randomized, controlled parallel-design study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Trial
- Beyond Taste: The Impact of Chocolate on Cardiovascular and Steatotic Liver Disease Risk Factors.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Theobromine prevents affective symptoms of nicotine withdrawal by modulating the neuroendocrine and immune systems, as well as the glutathione mechanism in the hippocampus.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Association between dietary theobromine and age-related macular degeneration: results from NHANES 2005-2008 and in vitro experiments.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Arginine Metabolism and Adenosine Receptor Signals in the Cerebellum Contribute to Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety/Depression-Like Behaviours.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Theobromine synergizes with nicotine to enhance animal motor abilities and cognitive function.Behavioural pharmacology · 2025Article
- Paraxanthine enhances memory and neuroplasticity more than caffeine in rats.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
- The Potential of Plant Extracts Used in Cosmetic Product Applications-Antioxidants Delivery and Mechanism of Actions.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The Quest for Eternal Youth: Hallmarks of Aging and Rejuvenating Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Taste Masking of Steroids for Oral Formulations.Turkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Article
- Exploring the Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds in Different Cocoa Powders.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- From Cocoa to Chocolate: Effect of Processing on Flavanols and Methylxanthines and Their Mechanisms of Action.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Thebromine Targets Adenosine Receptors to Control Hippocampal Neuronal Function and Damage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Neuroprotective Effects of Theobromine in permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion rat model of cerebral hypoperfusion.Metabolic brain disease · 2022Article
- Article
- Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Other Lifestyle Factors in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Exploring the Role of Nutraceuticals in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Rationale, State of the Art and Future Prospects.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- In Pursuit of Healthy Aging: Effects of Nutrition on Brain Function.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Protective Effect of Cocoa Bean Shell against Intestinal Damage: An Example of Byproduct Valorization.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nutritional qualities of cocoa have been acknowledged by several authors; a particular focus has been placed on its high content of flavanols, known for their excellent antioxidant properties and subsequent protective effect on cardio- and cerebrovascular systems as well as for neuromodulatory and neuroprotective actions. Other active components of cocoa are methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine). Whereas the effects of caffeine are extensively researched, the same is not the case for theobromine; this review summarizes evidence on the effect of theobromine on cognitive functions. Considering animal studies, it can be asserted that acute exposition to theobromine has a reduced and delayed nootropic effect with respect to caffeine, whereas both animal and human studies suggested a potential neuroprotective action of long-term assumption of theobromine through a reduction of Aβ amyloid pathology, which is commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease patients' brains. Hence, the conceivable action of theobromine alone and associated with caffeine or other cocoa constituents on cognitive modulation is yet underexplored and future studies are needed to shed light on this promising molecule.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.