ArticleInternational journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature2019
A systematic review and meta-regression analysis to examine the 'timing hypothesis' of hormone replacement therapy on mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
Article in International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A comprehensive meta-analysis of exogenous estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in animal models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.Biology of sex differences · 2026Pooled it
- Combined effect of physical exercise and hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular and metabolic health in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical practice guideline of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2022Guideline
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Examining Whether Changing Ovarian Sex Steroid Hormone Levels Influence Cerebrovascular Function.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular diseases.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- The effects of menopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular disease, cancer, cognition and depression in younger women: A systematic review.JRSM open · 2026Review
- Advancing evidence-based regulation: Organization for the Study of Sex Differences and Society for Women's Health Research support FDA action on menopausal hormone therapy and encourage broader sex-informed drug label updates.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- [Russian eligibility criteria for prescription of menopausal hormone therapy to patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Agreement document of RKO, ROAG, RAE, EAT, AFR, RNMOT, RAGG].Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Article
- Long-term systemic outcomes of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy by age at menopause: a real-world cohort study.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- Impacts of systemic milieu on cerebrovascular and brain aging: insights from heterochronic parabiosis, blood exchange, and plasma transfer experiments.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Age and sex differences in blood pressure regulation: A focus on the vascular baroreflex limb.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Reproductive and Developmental Endocrinology.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Administration of Young Coconut (Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Role of Estrogen across Multiple Disease Mechanisms.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
- The association of breast cancer patients survival and prior menopausal hormone therapy in women with type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Simple Mathematical Model Demonstrates the Potential for Cell-Based Hormone Therapy to Address Dysregulation of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary Axis in Females with Loss of Ovarian Function.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2024Article
- Hallmarks of aging: middle-aging hypovascularity, tissue perfusion and nitric oxide perspective on healthspan.Frontiers in aging · 2024Article
- Article
- Management of menopause.Australian prescriber · 2023Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe 'Timing Hypothesis' states that the benefits and harms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are related to the proximity with which it is begun following the onset of menopause. The primary aim of this analysis was to test for heterogeneity of treatment effect for HRT using Chi
methodsYounger initiation trials were defined as those with mean age of participants <60 years and older initiation trials were those with mean age >60 years. The primary endpoints included all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) events (a composite of cardiac mortality and nonfatal myocardial (MI)), and a composite of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA) and systemic embolism.
resultsThirty-one RCTs were identified comparing HRT users to nonusers (
conclusionYounger initiation of HRT may be effective in reducing death and cardiac events. However, younger HRT initiators remained at an increased risk of stroke, TIA and systemic embolism and this risk increased as average age increased. Younger menopausal women using HRT to treat vasomotor symptoms do not appear to be at an increased risk of dying or experiencing CHD events.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.