ArticleForensic toxicology2019
Toxic by design? Formation of thermal degradants and cyanide from carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids CUMYL-PICA, 5F-CUMYL-PICA, AMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, NNEI, and MN-18 during exposure to high temperatures.
Article in Forensic toxicology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating signaling bias for synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists at the cannabinoid CBPharmacology research & perspectives · 2023Article
- The piperazine analogue para-fluorophenylpiperazine alters timing of the physiological effects of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AMB-FUBINACA, without changing its discriminative stimulus, signalling effects, or metabolism.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2023Article
- Characterisation of AMB-FUBINACA metabolism and CBForensic toxicology · 2023Article
- Off-target pharmacological profiling of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists including AMB-FUBINACA, CUMYL-PINACA, PB-22, and XLR-11.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- The Spicy Story of Cannabimimetic Indoles.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Overview of Synthetic Cannabinoids ADB-FUBINACA and AMB-FUBINACA: Clinical, Analytical, and Forensic Implications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2020Review
- Synthetic Cannabinoid Hydroxypentyl Metabolites Retain Efficacy at Human Cannabinoid Receptors.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2019Article
- Enantiospecific Synthesis, Chiral Separation, and Biological Activity of Four Indazole-3-Carboxamide-Type Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists and Their Detection in Seized Drug Samples.Frontiers in chemistry · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe use of novel synthetic cannabinoids as intoxicants continues in spite of associated health risks. These compounds are typically smoked or vaporized, but many synthetic cannabinoids contain thermally labile chemical moieties. This study investigated the thermal stability six carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids (CUMYL-PICA, 5F-CUMYL-PICA, AMB-FUBINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, NNEI, and MN-18) in order to characterise potential user exposure to thermolysis products.
methodsCompounds were heated sequentially to 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C using a thermolysis probe, and the resultant thermolysis products were analysed via GC-MS. A secondary analysis quantified thermolytically generated cyanide via LC-MS/MS.
resultsAll six synthetic cannabinoids underwent thermal degradation when heated above 400 °C, and released a variety of potentially toxic products, including toluene, naphthalene, and 1-naphthalamine. Compound-specific degradants were tentatively identified together with a general degradative pathway for carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids, which proceeds via indole- or indazole-amide formation and subsequent dehydration to an indole- or indazole-carbonitrile. This degradative pathway culminated in the thermolytic liberation of cyanide, in amounts up to 27 μg per mg of starting material.
conclusionsPeople who smoke carboxamide-type synthetic cannabinoids are likely to be exposed to range of potentially toxic thermal degradants, including cyanide. These degradants could have significant health impacts in human users.
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Registered trials
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