ArticleBMJ open2019
Inequalities in healthcare resources and outcomes threatening sustainable health development in Ethiopia: panel data analysis.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Is context considered in health inequity research and why? An examination of current trends in Ethiopia.Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM · 2026Pooled it
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- Epidemiological trends and age-period-cohort effects on urolithiasis incidence across the BRICS-plus from 1992 to 2021.BMC nephrology · 2025Article
- Inequity in access to medications among communities in Eastern Ethiopia: a decomposition analysis.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Assessment of surgical capacity and productivity in high-volume Ethiopian hospitals: mixed method study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
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- Mapping the covariate-adjusted spatial effects of childhood anemia in Ethiopia using a semi-parametric additive model.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Strengthening primary health care in Ethiopia: A scoping review of successes, challenges, and pathways towards universal health coverage using the WHO monitoring framework.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
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- A geospatial analysis of accessibility and availability to implement the primary healthcare roadmap in Ethiopia.Communications medicine · 2023Article
- Estimated travel time and staffing constraints to accessing the Ethiopian health care system: A two-step floating catchment area analysis.Journal of global health · 2023Article
- Gearing health systems for universal health coverage.Frontiers in health services · 2023Article
- Equity and prediction of health resource allocation of traditional Chinese medicine in China.PloS one · 2023Article
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4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo measure inequalities in the distributions of selected healthcare resources and outcomes in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2015.
designA panel data analysis was performed to measure inequalities in distribution of healthcare workforce, infrastructure, outcomes and finance, using secondary data.
settingThe study was conducted across 11 regions in Ethiopia.
participantsRegional population and selected healthcare workforce. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Aggregate Theil and Gini indices, changes in inequalities and elasticity of healthcare resources.
resultsDespite marked inequality reductions over a 16 year period, the Theil and Gini indices for the healthcare resources distributions remained high. Among the healthcare workforce distributions, the Gini index (GI) was lowest for nurses plus midwives (GI=0.428, 95% CI 0.393 to 0.463) and highest for specialist doctors (SPDs) (GI=0.704, 95% CI 0.652 to 0.756). Inter-region inequality was the highest for SPDs (95.0%) and the lowest for health officers (53.8%). The GIs for hospital beds, hospitals and health centres (HCs) were 0.592(95% CI 0.563 to 0.621), 0.460(95% CI 0.404 to 0.517) and 0.409(95% CI 0.380 to 0.439), respectively. The interaction term was highest for HC distributions (47.7%). Outpatient department visit per capita (GI=0.349, 95% CI 0.321 to 0.377) and fully immunised children (GI=0.307, 95% CI 0.269 to 0.345) showed inequalities; inequality in the under 5 years of age mortality rate increased overtime (P=0.048). Overall, GI for government health expenditure (GHE) was 0.596(95% CI 0.544 to 0.648), and the estimated relative GHE share of the healthcare workforce and infrastructure distributions were 46.5% and 53.5%, respectively. The marginal changes in the healthcare resources distributions were towards the advantaged populations.
conclusionThis study revealed high inequalities in healthcare resources in favour of the advantaged populations which can hinder equal access to healthcare and the achievements of healthcare outcomes. The government should strengthen monitoring mechanisms to address inequalities based on the national healthcare standards.
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