ArticleBMC public health2019
Having a toilet is not enough: the limitations in fulfilling the human rights to water and sanitation in a municipal school in Bahia, Brazil.
Article in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Behavioral Adaptation to Improved Environmental Quality: Evidence From a Sanitation Intervention.Health economics · 2025Trial
- A review of the drivers and barriers influencing the impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene on attendance and retention of pupils in primary schools in developing countries.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- [Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH): a study of Brazilian rural public elementary schools].Cadernos de saude publica · 2026Article
- Migratory Wave due to Conflicts: Risk of Increased Infection From Zoonotic Diseases.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Review
- Creating a community advisory board for pediatric bladder health.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Health effects and externalities of the popularization of sanitary toilets: evidence from Rural China.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Effect of household toilet accessibility on physical health of ethnic minority adolescents: a longitudinal study from the China Education Panel Survey 2013 and 2014.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools in Brazil pre-and peri-COVID-19 pandemic: Are schools making any progress?International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Article
- Menstrual hygiene access and practices in Latin America: scoping review.Revista latino-americana de enfermagem · 2023Article
- Female-friendly toilets in schools in Burkina Faso: A mixed-methods study using photo-elicitation.Journal of global health · 2022Article
- Evaluation of a menstrual hygiene intervention in urban and rural schools in Bangladesh: a pilot study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Relation to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- U.S. Adolescent and Adult Women's Experiences Accessing and Using Toilets in Schools, Workplaces, and Public Spaces: A Multi-Site Focus Group Study to Inform Future Research in Bladder Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Toward a Menstrual-friendly School Environment: A Convergent Parallel Mixed Method Study.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social MedicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis article addresses the enjoyment of the human rights to water and sanitation (HRTWS), in particular access to toilets, in a public school in Bahia, Brazil.
methodsParticipant observation of the school's routine, focus groups with students in grades 8 and 9 of primary school (13 to 17 years old) and individual, semi-structured, interviews with members of school staff were applied, exploring access to water and sanitation by adolescent girls and boys.
resultsStudents and school staff reported that the amount of toilets was insufficient and that their conditions were often inadequate because they were plugged or dirty. The impact on girls is greater as toilets do not offer a clean and healthy environment for menstrual hygiene management. Several elements of the normative content of the HRTWS, especially accessibility, acceptability, quality, safety and dignity, were largely not fulfilled. The study identified that, to comply with the HRTWS, it is necessary to go beyond infrastructure, as the lack of maintenance; cultural elements and student participation hinder the usage of sanitary facilities. Since schools can be privileged spaces to train critical and reflective citizens and to foster autonomy and emancipation, education oriented by human rights and citizenship is an opportunity for a more equitable society. By increasing access to social, economic and cultural rights in all phases and aspects of life, including when children and adolescents are in a school environment, people are able to enjoy better living conditions and a higher standard of health.
conclusionsThe study raised the importance of considering each community's sociocultural aspects in analyzing access to sanitary facilities in schools, which are spaces where citizens' rights should be exercised and fulfilled.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.