ArticleBMC public health2019
Progress in sanitation among poor households in Kenya: evidence from demographic and health surveys.
Article in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Achieving equitable uptake of handwashing and sanitation by addressing both supply and demand-based constraints: findings from a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh.International journal for equity in health · 2021Trial
- Governance, structure, and access: a Bayesian hierarchical analysis of water, sanitation, and hygiene in South Asia.Globalization and health · 2026Article
- Waterborne diseases burden, determinants and health system gaps in Eastern Uganda: a mixed-methods baseline study in the Busoga region.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Machine learning-based prediction of household sanitation facility access in Sub-Saharan Africa: insights from DHS data (2012-2024).Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Burden and contributing factors to overweight and obesity in young adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Open Defecation and Fecal Oral diseases in Soin ward, Kericho County, Kenya.Environmental health insights · 2025Article
- Latrine Utilization and Associated Factors Among Households in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environmental health insights · 2025Review
- Water source, latrine type, and rainfall are associated with detection of non-optimal and enteric bacteria in the vaginal microbiome: a prospective observational cohort study nested within a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Observational
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- Assessment of the status of improved F&E trachoma control practices among children of agro-pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia: a mixed design survey using theory of triadic influences.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Analysing the interplay of environmental virology, public health, and sanitation: a comprehensive review from a Kenyan perspective.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Socio-economic and demographic factors influencing open defecation in Haiti: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Impact of Drinking Water Source and Sanitation Facility on Malnutrition Prevalence in Children under Three: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis Using PDHS 2017-18.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Subnational estimates of factors associated with under-five mortality in Kenya: a spatio-temporal analysis, 1993-2014.BMJ global health · 2021Article
- Article
- Globalization and life lost due to tuberculosis: evidence from a multi-country study.F1000Research · 2021Article
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1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundAn estimated 14% of Kenyans practice open defecation. Poverty has been associated with open defecation. Kenya aims to achieve 100% open defecation free status by 2030 in line with sustainable development goal number 6. Using data from 3 national household surveys, this study sought to explore progress made in attaining this at the household level with a focus on poor households.
methodsKenya demographic and health survey for 2003, 2008 and 2014 respectively were analysed. Descriptive analysis and bivariate logistic regression was done with open defecation status as the dependent variable. Independent variables were poverty status, place of residence, region where household was located, absence of farm animals, gender and educational level of household head.
resultsThe most common sanitation method nationally is a pit latrine without a slab. This ranged from 35.9-37.9%. Open defecation was 16.2, 12.1 and 9.9% in 2003, 2008 and 2014 respectively. Among households practicing open defecation, 81.8, 86 and 96% were classified as poor in 2003, 2008 and 2014 respectively. Poverty, educational level of household head and residing in a rural area were the most significant predictors of open defecation. Odds ratio for poverty was 9.4 (7-12.6 95% CI), 9.4(6.6-13.5 95% CI) and 29.2 (23.3-36.8 95% CI) for 2003, 2008 and 2014 respectively. The majority of richest households transitioned from using a pit latrine with a slab in 2003 to using a flush toilet connected to a sewer in 2008 and 2014. The majority of richer households transitioned from using a pit latrine without a slab in 2003 and 2008 to using a pit latrine with a slab in 2014. The majority of middle and poorer households stagnated at using a pit latrine without a slab across the similar period. The poorest households stagnated at the open defecation stage.
conclusionThe burden of open defecation has increased among poor households, more so among the poorest. This may be attributed to non-poor households exiting the open defecation stage at a higher rate compared to poor households. Poor households may need to be targeted more if Kenya is to attain open defecation free status by 2030.
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