Observational studyAIDS (London, England)2019
Longitudinal association between internalized HIV stigma and antiretroviral therapy adherence for women living with HIV: the mediating role of depression.
Observational study in AIDS (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Social Cognition Among People Living with HIV: Implications for Non-Social Cognition and Social Everyday Functioning.Neuropsychology review · 2025Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Impact of HIV-Related Stigma and Serostatus Disclosure on Retention in Care and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Women with HIV in the United States/Canada.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of depression on ART adherence among women living with HIV.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Disclosure Events and Psychosocial Well-Being Among Young South African Adults Living with HIV.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Trial
- Effects of behavioural interventions on postpartum retention and adherence among women with HIV on lifelong ART: the results of a cluster randomized trial in Kenya (the MOTIVATE trial).Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2022Trial
- Effects of an intervention on internalized HIV-related stigma for individuals newly entering HIV care.AIDS (London, England) · 2020Trial
- Global research trends on depression-related stigma in the 21st century: a bibliometric analysis.Global health action · 2026Review
- Longitudinal Correlates of Internalized HIV Stigma Among Ugandan PLWH.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- HIV-related Stigma and Alcohol Involvement Among People with HIV Who Engage in Unhealthy Drinking.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of an Updated Internalized HIV Stigma Scale Among People Living with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Associations Between Internalized HIV Stigma and Lower HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among People With HIV.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- The burden of HIV-related stigma on clinical and quality of life outcomes: results from a systematic literature review.Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2026Review
- The Intersectional Influence of Experienced Stigma on Clinically Significant Depressive Symptoms Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men.Journal of homosexuality · 2026Article
- Subjective social status in relation to the associations between internalized stigmas and missed HIV appointments among MSM who use substances.SSM. Mental health · 2025Article
- Experienced and anticipated HIV-related stigma and depression among pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana: the role of internalized HIV stigma.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Stigma and Time: A Longitudinal Qualitative Analysis of Co-occurring HIV and Tuberculosis Stigma in South Africa.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Profiles of HIV/AIDS stigma and psychological well-being in relation to embodiment among people living with HIV.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Measuring Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Stigma Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Western Kenya: Scale Development, Validation, and Associations with PrEP Adherence.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2025Article
- Modeling the Mediating Effects of HIV-Related Stigma on the Associations Between Race/Ethnicity and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Viral Suppression Among Diverse Racial and Ethnic Minority Women with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- How Does Poverty Stigma Affect Depression Symptoms for Women Living with HIV? Longitudinal Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms.International journal of mental health and addiction · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe investigated whether internalized HIV-related stigma predicts adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) longitudinally in women living with HIV in the United States, and whether depression symptoms mediate the relationship between internalized stigma and suboptimal ART adherence.
designObservational longitudinal study utilizing data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study cohort.
methodsA measure of internalized HIV-related stigma was added to the battery of Women's Interagency HIV Study measures in 2013. For current analyses, participants' first assessment of internalized HIV-related stigma and assessments of other variables at that time were used as baseline measures (Time one or T1, visit occurring in 2013/14), with outcomes measured approximately 2 years later (T3, 2015/16; n = 914). A measure of depression symptoms, assessed approximately 18 months after the baseline (T2, 2014/15), was used in mediation analyses (n = 862).
resultsHigher internalized HIV-related stigma at T1 predicted lower odds of optimal ART adherence at T3 (adjusted odds ratio = 0.61, P = 0.001, 95% confidence interval [0.45, 0.82]). Results were similar when ART adherence at T1 was added as a control variable. Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of internalized HIV stigma at T1 on ART adherence at T3 through depression symptoms at T2 (while controlling for depression symptoms and ART adherence at T1; B = -0.05, SE = 0.03, 95% confidence interval [-0.11, -0.006]).
conclusionThese results provide strong longitudinal support for the hypothesis that internalized HIV-related stigma results in suboptimal ART adherence in a large sample of women living with HIV in the United States, working through the pathway of increased depression symptoms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.