ArticleJMIR mental health2019
Recommendations for Methodology of Virtual Reality Clinical Trials in Health Care by an International Working Group: Iterative Study.
Article in JMIR mental health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 190 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immersive Virtual Reality to Improve Outcomes in Patients With Stroke: A Pilot Study
Developing an Immersive Gamification Technology System (ImGTS) for the Management of Patients With Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (Phase 1 Trial)
Developing Immersive Gamification Technology System (ImGTS) for Rehabilitation Management of Pediatric Patients With Cerebral Palsy and With Mobility Limitations (Phase 1 Trial)
Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality Intervention on Pain, Anxiety, and Satisfaction in Laboring Women
Exploring Innovative Strategies to Enhance Eye-Hand Coordination and Cognitive Functions Through Drone Catching Exercise.
Screen-delivered Augmented-reality Preparation and Anxiety Before Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy in China: a Prospective Non-randomized Controlled Study
Who cites it
190 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Transforming Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review of Augmented and Virtual Reality Interventions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Complemented Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Lung Function, Exercise Capacity, Dyspnea, and Health Status in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Using Virtual Reality to Improve Outcomes Related to Quality of Life Among Older Adults With Serious Illnesses: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Technological Features of Immersive Virtual Reality Systems for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of virtual reality therapies for substance use disorders: Impact on secondary treatment outcomes.The American journal on addictions · 2023Pooled it
- Recommendations for the Design and Implementation of Virtual Reality for Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Systems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of tablet-based augmented reality on anxiety, fear, and pain during venipuncture in children: a randomized controlled trial.BMC pediatrics · 2026Trial
- An Interactive Preoperative Virtual Reality Intervention for Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Oncological Surgery: A Feasibility and Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of surgical oncology · 2026Trial
- Examining the Efficacy of a Telehealth-Based Virtual Reality Clinic in Treating Adults With Specific Phobia: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- 3D Telemedicine Outperforms 2D Telemedicine: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Reconstructive Plastic Surgery.Plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2026Trial
- The Usefulness of a Wearable Electronic Vision Enhancement System for People With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Trial
- 'Such a lot of bother': Qualitative results of a home trial of a wearable electronic vision enhancement system for people with age-related macular degeneration.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Trial
- Examining the Efficacy of Extended Reality-Enhanced Behavioral Activation for Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mental health · 2024Trial
- The Cleft Lip Education with Augmented Reality (CLEAR) VR Phase 2 Trial: A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial of a Novel Patient Information Leaflet.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2023Trial
- Durability of the Treatment Effects of an 8-Week Self-administered Home-Based Virtual Reality Program for Chronic Low Back Pain: 6-Month Follow-up Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Trial
- Effects of Immersive Virtual Therapy as a Method Supporting Recovery of Depressive Symptoms in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Randomized Controlled Trial.Clinical interventions in aging · 2022Trial
- Comparing a Virtual Reality-Based Simulation App (VR-MRI) With a Standard Preparatory Manual and Child Life Program for Improving Success and Reducing Anxiety During Pediatric Medical Imaging: Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Trial
- Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy as a Support for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized-Controlled Trial.Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking · 2021Trial
130 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTherapeutic virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an efficacious treatment modality for a wide range of health conditions. However, despite encouraging outcomes from early stage research, a consensus for the best way to develop and evaluate VR treatments within a scientific framework is needed.
objectiveWe aimed to develop a methodological framework with input from an international working group in order to guide the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and communication of trials that develop and test VR treatments.
methodsA group of 21 international experts was recruited based on their contributions to the VR literature. The resulting Virtual Reality Clinical Outcomes Research Experts held iterative meetings to seek consensus on best practices for the development and testing of VR treatments.
resultsThe interactions were transcribed, and key themes were identified to develop a scientific framework in order to support best practices in methodology of clinical VR trials. Using the Food and Drug Administration Phase I-III pharmacotherapy model as guidance, a framework emerged to support three phases of VR clinical study designs-VR1, VR2, and VR3. VR1 studies focus on content development by working with patients and providers through the principles of human-centered design. VR2 trials conduct early testing with a focus on feasibility, acceptability, tolerability, and initial clinical efficacy. VR3 trials are randomized, controlled studies that evaluate efficacy against a control condition. Best practice recommendations for each trial were provided.
conclusionsPatients, providers, payers, and regulators should consider this best practice framework when assessing the validity of VR treatments.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.