Sex Differences in Mouse Popliteal Lymph Nodes.

Females have more robust immune responses than males, well-illustrated by the degree of inflammation elicited during delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. Here, we have investigated underlying sex differences that may contribute to differential footpad DTH responses using wildtype and four core genotypes (FCG) mice and popliteal lymphnode cellularity and gene expression. DTH responses in XX and XY FCG females showed no role for almost all genes expressed on sex chromosomes. After then filtering-out genes differentially expressed between XX and XY females, only one gene was sexually differentially expressed in wildtype mice, glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (Glycam1), expressed 7-fold higher in females. Glycam1 facilitates leukocyte entry through high endothelial venules. Consistent with greater Glycam1 expression, female nodes contained twice as many cells. While females had more memory T cells in their nodes, males had a higher percentage of T regulatory cells. This sexual dimorphism in wildtype animals manifested pre-pubertally, was enhanced post-pubertally, and was eliminated by castration. The formation of male gonads is determined by the expression of Sry. Sry overexpression, which does not affect testosterone levels, produced an exaggerated male phenotype. We conclude that Sry expression through formation of the male gonad indirectly negatively impacts the potential for local inflammation.