ArticlePloS one2019
Orf virus (ORFV) infection in a three-dimensional human skin model: Characteristic cellular alterations and interference with keratinocyte differentiation.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Host-Orf virus interactions: A comprehensive review of pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms.Virulence · 2026Review
- Colonization of 3D-organotypic human skin by the Lyme Disease pathogen,bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Marek's disease virus replication in chicken skin reconstructedThe Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Construction and Biological Characteristics of a Quadruple Gene-Deleted Strain of Orf Virus as a Vaccine Candidate.Viruses · 2025Article
- Advancing ORFV-Based Therapeutics to the Clinical Stage.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Review
- Interactions between avian viruses and skin in farm birds.Veterinary research · 2024Review
- Novel methodologies for host-microbe interactions and microbiome-targeted therapeutics in 3D organotypic skin models.Microbiome · 2023Article
- Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
ORF virus (ORFV) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, a pustular dermatitis of small ruminants and humans. Even though the development of lesions caused by ORFV was extensively studied in animals, only limited knowledge exists about the lesion development in human skin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a three-dimensional (3D) organotypic culture (OTC) as a human skin model for ORFV infection considering lesion development, replication of the virus, viral gene transcription and modulation of differentiation of human keratinocytes by ORFV. ORFV infection of OTC was performed using the ORFV isolate B029 derived from a human patient. The OTC sections showed a similar structure of stratified epidermal keratinocytes as human foreskin and a similar expression profile of the differentiation markers keratin 1 (K1), K10, and loricrin. Upon ORFV infection, OTCs exhibited histological cytopathic changes including hyperkeratosis and ballooning degeneration of the keratinocytes. ORFV persisted for 10 days and was located in keratinocytes of the outer epidermal layers. ORFV-specific early, intermediate and late genes were transcribed, but limited viral spread and restricted cell infection were noticed. ORFV infection resulted in downregulation of K1, K10, and loricrin at the transcriptional level without affecting proliferation as shown by PCNA or Ki-67 expression. In conclusion, OTC provides a suitable model to study the interaction of virus with human keratinocytes in a similar structural setting as human skin and reveals that ORFV infection downregulates several differentiation markers in the epidermis of the human skin, a hitherto unknown feature of dermal ORFV infection in man.
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