ArticleJournal of gastroenterology and hepatology2019
The balance of type 1 and type 2 immune responses in the contexts of hepatitis B infection and hepatitis D infection.
Article in Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hepatitis D virus infection triggers CXCL9-11 upregulation in hepatocytes and liver infiltration of CXCR3+ CD4 T cells.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2025Article
- Characterization of inflammatory protein expression patterns and their association with viral DNA load in hepatitis B virus infection via Olink proteomics analysis.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- Viral Hepatitis: Host Immune Interaction, Pathogenesis and New Therapeutic Strategies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Protective role of RIPK1 scaffolding against HDV-induced hepatocyte cell death and the significance of cytokines in mice.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Hepatitis Delta Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- CCL13 and human diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Serum alpha-fetoprotein level is correlated with the level of inflammatory markers in the immune-clearance phase of chronic hepatitis B in Eastern China.American journal of translational research · 2023Article
- Systemic cytokine and viral antigen-specific responses in hepatitis D virus RNA positive versus HDV RNA negative patients.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Change of Cytokines in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients and HBeAg are Positively Correlated with HBV RNA, Based on Real-world Study.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2022Article
- Adaptive Immune Responses, Immune Escape and Immune-Mediated Pathogenesis during HDV Infection.Viruses · 2022Review
- Microbial Translocation in the Context of Hepatitis B Infection and Hepatitis D Infection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Human hepatitis D virus-specific T cell epitopes.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2021Review
- Article
- Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections.Viruses · 2020Review
- Chronic Viral Liver Diseases: Approaching the Liver Using T Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Technologies.Cells · 2020Review
- TNF-alpha inhibition ameliorates HDV-induced liver damage in a mouse model of acute severe infection.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2020Article
- Chronic hepatitis delta: A state-of-the-art review and new therapies.World journal of gastroenterology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimHepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection is the most rapidly progressive chronic viral hepatitis. Little is understood about the immune responses to HDV. This study aims to characterize the systemic immune environments of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HDV patients at various disease stages.
methodsA total of 129 subjects were evaluated: 53 HBV, 43 HDV, and 33 healthy controls. HBV and HDV subjects were categorized by aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) into mild (APRI < 0.5), moderate, and severe (APRI > 1.0). Serum cytokines and immune markers were assessed at a single treatment-naïve time-point.
resultsType 1 cytokines are elevated in both HBV and HDV. Both groups show higher tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-12p40, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 when compared with controls (all P < 0.05). However, only HBV group displayed elevated γ-interferon compared with controls. Type 2 cytokines are elevated in HBV. HBV group shows higher IL-4, IL-13, and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 26 compared with healthy controls and HDV. Chemokines CCL2 and CCL13 are lower in HDV. When assessing ratios, HDV displays higher γ-interferon/IL-4, TNF-α/IL-4, and TNF-α/IL-13 ratios than HBV and controls.
conclusionHepatitis B virus and HDV subjects show similarly elevated type 1 cytokines. HDV subjects display relatively lower type 2 cytokines. These differences in the systemic immune environments, particularly the predominance of type 1 responses, may contribute to the comparatively rapid progression of HDV disease. Characterization of the imbalance in type 1 and type 2 immunity unique HDV has the potential to provide immunological insights for designing therapeutic targets in HDV-associated disease progression.
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Registered trials
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