ArticlePLoS pathogens2019
Influenza-induced immune suppression to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by TLR9.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- cGAS/STING sensing in dendritic cells discriminates between daptomycin sensitive and resistantiScience · 2026Article
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- Damage sensing through TLR9 regulates inflammatory and antiviral responses during influenza infection.Mucosal immunology · 2025Article
- Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Post-influenza bacterial infection: mechanisms of pathogenesis and advances in therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Influence of Donor-Specific Characteristics on Cytokine Responses in H3N2 Influenza A Virus Infection: New Insights from an Ex Vivo Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Damage sensing through TLR9 Regulates Inflammatory and Antiviral Responses During Influenza Infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Rescue of alveolar wall liquid secretion blocks fatal lung injury due to influenza-staphylococcal coinfection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- The Gut Microbiota of Pregnant Rats Alleviates Fetal Growth Restriction by Inhibiting the TLR9/MyD88 Pathway.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Altered Respiratory Microbiomes, Plasma Metabolites, and Immune Responses in Influenza A Virus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Coinfection.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Diverse roles of lung macrophages in the immune response to influenza A virus.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Impact of patient characteristics on innate immune responses and inflammasome activation inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Context-Dependent Roles for Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 9 in the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- IFN-γ transforms the transcriptomic landscape and triggers myeloid cell hyperresponsiveness to cause lethal lung injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Review
- Influenza Virus Infects and Depletes Activated Adaptive Immune Responders.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2021Article
- Research progress on Toll-like receptor signal transduction and its roles in antimicrobial immune responses.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2021Review
- When two for the price of one isn't a bargain: estimating prevalence and microbiology of bacterial co-infections in patients with COVID-19.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2020Article
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9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), increase mortality following influenza infection, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that expression of TLR9, a microbial DNA sensor, is increased in murine lung macrophages, dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells and epithelial cells post-influenza infection. TLR9-/- mice did not show differences in handling influenza nor MRSA infection alone. However, TLR9-/- mice have improved survival and bacterial clearance in the lung post-influenza and MRSA dual infection, with no difference in viral load during dual infection. We demonstrate that TLR9 is upregulated on macrophages even when they are not themselves infected, suggesting that TLR9 upregulation is related to soluble mediators. We rule out a role for elevations in interferon-γ (IFNγ) in mediating the beneficial MRSA clearance in TLR9-/- mice. While macrophages from WT and TLR9-/- mice show similar phagocytosis and bacterial killing to MRSA alone, following influenza infection, there is a marked upregulation of scavenger receptor A and MRSA phagocytosis as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos) and improved bacterial killing that is specific to TLR9-deficient cells. Bone marrow transplant chimera experiments and in vitro experiments using TLR9 antagonists suggest TLR9 expression on non-hematopoietic cells, rather than the macrophages themselves, is important for regulating myeloid cell function. Interestingly, improved bacterial clearance post-dual infection was restricted to MRSA, as there was no difference in the clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Taken together these data show a surprising inhibitory role for TLR9 signaling in mediating clearance of MRSA that manifests following influenza infection.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.