ArticlePloS one2019
Blockade of the PD-1 axis alone is not sufficient to activate HIV-1 virion production from CD4+ T cells of individuals on suppressive ART.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir in People Living With HIV With Cancer on Antiretroviral Therapy: The AIDS Malignancy Consortium 095 Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- In vivo effect of anti-PD-1 on HIV-specific CD8+T-cells in men with HIV.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Understanding the HIV-specific T-cell response to immune checkpoint blockade: what can we learn from cancer immunotherapy?Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Glucose Metabolism in HIV-Induced T Cell Exhaustion.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Axis Inhibition in Viral Infections: Clinical Data and Therapeutic Opportunities.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Advances in HIV-1-specific chimeric antigen receptor cells to target the HIV-1 reservoir.Journal of virus eradication · 2022Article
- Immune checkpoint blockade in HIV.EBioMedicine · 2022Review
- Article
- A Review of Current Strategies Towards the Elimination of Latent HIV-1 and Subsequent HIV-1 Cure.Current HIV research · 2021Article
- The Role of Immunomodulatory Receptors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection: A Therapeutic Opportunity for HIV Cure?Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- HIV-1 Latency and Latency Reversal: Does Subtype Matter?Viruses · 2019Review
- Between a shock and a hard place: challenges and developments in HIV latency reversal.Current opinion in virology · 2019Review
- Lymph node migratory dendritic cells modulate HIV-1 transcription through PD-1 engagement.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Toward T Cell-Mediated Control or Elimination of HIV Reservoirs: Lessons From Cancer Immunology.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- The Quest for Cellular Markers of HIV Reservoirs: Any Color You Like.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Blockade of the programmed cell death protein/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is now commonly used for cancer immunotherapy and has therapeutic potential in chronic viral infections including HIV-1. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade could augment HIV-1-specific immune responses and reverse HIV-1 latency, but the latter effect has not been clearly shown. We tested the ability of the human anti-PD-L1 mAb BMS-936559 and the human anti-PD-1 mAb nivolumab to increase HIV-1 virion production ex vivo from different peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations obtained from donors on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), CD8-depleted PBMC, total CD4+ T cells, and resting CD4+ T cells were purified from whole blood of HIV-1-infected donors and cultured in varying concentrations of BMS-936559 (20, 5, or 1.25μg/mL) or nivolumab (5 or 1.25μg/mL), with or without anti-CD3/CD28 stimulatory antibodies. Culture supernatants were assayed for virion HIV-1 RNA by qRT-PCR. Ex vivo exposure to BMS-936559 or nivolumab, with or without anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, did not consistently increase HIV-1 virion production from blood mononuclear cell populations. Modest (2-fold) increases in virus production were observed in a subset of donors and in some cell types but were not reproducible in longitudinal samples. Cell surface expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 were not associated with changes in virus production. Ex vivo blockade of the PD-1 axis alone has limited effects on HIV-1 latency.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.