ReviewViruses2019
The Preclinical and Clinical Progress of Bacteriophages and Their Lytic Enzymes: The Parts are Easier than the Whole.
Review in Viruses, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Gut Phageome Analysis Uncovers Thousands of Highly Modular Endolysins.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Prokaryotic Expression and Preliminary Application of Lys40, an Endolysin from Broad-Host-Range Salmonella enterica Phage SP_4.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Innovative Approaches to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review of Emerging Therapies and Technologies.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Beyond new pills: integrative strategies to overcome multidrug-resistant bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Characterization and Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Bacteriophage Targeting Methicillin-ResistantInternational journal of microbiology · 2026Article
- Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: From Bacterial Bioprospecting to Artificial Intelligence.Environmental microbiology reports · 2025Review
- The New SH3b_T Domain Increases the Structural and Functional Variability Among SH3b-Like CBDs from Staphylococcal Phage Endolysins.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Next-generation antimicrobials: A review of phage lysins as precision weapons against drug-resistant pathogens.Virulence · 2025Review
- Engineered Phage-Guided Nanotherapeutic Systems for Precision Antibacterial Therapy: Hacking Bacterial Resistance Mechanisms.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- PlyNJ3: a three-domain endolysin with broad-spectrum anti-streptococcal activity and synergistic efficacy against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus suis.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Characterization of an enterococcal phage endolysin as a potential antimicrobial agent against Streptococcus suis.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Self-assembling T7 phage syringes with modular genomes for targeted delivery of penicillin against β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli.BMC biotechnology · 2025Article
- In Vitro Activity of Bacteriophages Against Ocular Methicillin-resistant S. aureus Isolates Collected in the US.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Article
- Phage treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in humans, animals, and plants: The current status and future prospects.Infectious medicine · 2025Review
- Characterization, genomic analysis and preclinical evaluation of the lytic Staphylococcus bacteriophage PSK against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus wound isolate.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2025Article
- Therapeutic potential of a newly isolated bacteriophage against multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis infections: in vitro and in vivo characterization.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Characterization of the host specificity of the SH3 cell wall binding domain of the staphylococcal phage 88 endolysin.Archives of microbiology · 2025Article
- Limitation of the Lytic Effect of Bacteriophages onInternational journal of microbiology · 2025Review
- Biological function identification of phage holin Hol-4086 and treatment ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- New bacteriophage-derived lysins, LysJ and LysF, with the potential to control Bacillus anthracis.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of phages has been considered since their first identification more than a century ago. The evident concept of using a natural predator to treat bacterial infections has, however, since then been challenged considerably. Initially, the vast success of antibiotics almost eliminated the study of phages for therapy. Upon the renaissance of phage therapy research, the most provocative and unique properties of phages such as high specificity, self-replication and co-evolution prohibited a rapid preclinical and clinical development. On the one hand, the typical trajectory followed by small molecule antibiotics could not be simply translated into the preclinical analysis of phages, exemplified by the need for complex broad spectrum or personalized phage cocktails of high purity and the more complex pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, there was no fitting regulatory framework to deal with flexible and sustainable phage therapy approaches, including the setup and approval of adequate clinical trials. While significant advances are incrementally made to eliminate these hurdles, phage-inspired antibacterials have progressed in the slipstream of phage therapy, benefiting from the lack of hurdles that are typically associated with phage therapy. Most advanced are phage lytic enzymes that kill bacteria through peptidoglycan degradation and osmotic lysis. Both phages and their lytic enzymes are now widely considered as safe and have now progressed to clinical phase II to show clinical efficacy as pharmaceutical. Yet, more initiatives are needed to fill the clinical pipeline to beat the typical attrition rates of clinical evaluation and to come to a true evaluation of phages and phage lytic enzymes in the clinic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.