ReviewToxins2019
A Review of Periocular Botulinum Neurotoxin on the Tear Film Homeostasis and the Ocular Surface Change.
Review in Toxins, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is Botulinum toxin A effective in treating dry eye disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of cosmetics on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of periocular botulinum toxin injection on ocular surface parameters and pupillary dynamics: a prospective clinical study.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Is Current Evidence Sufficient to Establish the Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A in Treating Persistent Dry Eye Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies With a Critical Review Using GRADE Tool.Health science reports · 2026Review
- Oculoplastic Interventions in the Management of Ocular Surface Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Botulinum toxin treatment for hemifacial spasm: harmonising neurological and aesthetic outcomes.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Review
- The Role of Botulinum Toxin in Dry Eye Disease and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Associated with Hemifacial Spasm.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and safety of botulinum toxin type A combined with blepharoplasty in treating sagging skin around the eyes.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Beyond dry eye: how co-morbidities influence disease phenotype in dry eye disease.Clinical & experimental optometry · 2022Review
- Dry Eye Disease in Hemifacial Spasm Patients Treated with Botulinum Toxin Type A.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clinical usage of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in ophthalmology has dramatically increased since the 1980s and has become one of the most widely used agents for treating facial movement disorders, autonomic dysfunction and aesthetic wrinkles. Despite its high efficacy, there are some complications with periocular BoNT injections due to its chemodenervation effect. Among these, there is still controversy over the BoNT effect on tear film homeostasis and the ocular surface. A periocular BoNT injection could dry the eye by reducing tear production of the lacrimal gland and increase tear evaporation due to potential eyelid malposition and abnormal blinks. On the contrary, the injection of BoNT in the medial eyelids could treat dry eye disease by impairing lacrimal drainage. Regarding the ocular surface change, corneal astigmatism and high-order aberrations may decrease due to less eyelid tension. In conclusion, the entire awareness of the effect of BoNT and the patients' ocular condition is crucial for successful and safe results.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.