ReviewMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2019
Mechanisms of Primary and Secondary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer.
Review in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy for early-stage or locally -advanced triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized trials.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- The correlation between probiotic use and outcomes of cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Emerging Blood-Based Biomarkers for Predicting Response to Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Pooled it
- Clinical Development of Bispecific Antibodies: Review, Advances, and Challenges in Hematological Malignancies.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Review
- The regulatory role of CDK4/6 inhibitors in tumor immunity and the potential value of tumor immunotherapy (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Multispecific Antibodies Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in Cancer.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2025Review
- Review
- Mechanisms of Resistance to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy in Melanoma and Strategies to Overcome It.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Alterations in pharmacogenetic genes and their implications for imatinib resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients from an admixed population.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2024Article
- Use of a novel microbiome modulator improves anticancer immunity in a murine model of malignant pleural mesothelioma.JTCVS open · 2024Article
- Recent progress in combination therapy of oncolytic vaccinia virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Treatment of De-Differentiated Liposarcoma in the Era of Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): potential, mechanisms of resistance, and strategies for reinvigorating T cell responsiveness when resistance is acquired.Cancer cell international · 2023Review
- Article
- Pain as Initial Presenting Symptom Is Associated With Delay to Seeking Medical Attention, Higher Risk of Relapse, and Shorter Survival in Patients With Early-Stage Extremity or Trunk Synovial Sarcoma.The Permanente journal · 2022Article
- Review
- Improvement of the anticancer efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade via combination therapy and PD-L1 regulation.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) have revolutionized cancer therapy with broad activities against a wide range of malignancies. However, in many malignancies their efficacy remains limited due to the primary resistance. Furthermore, a high percentage of patients develop progression due to the secondary resistance even after obtaining a response or achieving a stable disease. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that underlie the primary and secondary resistance to ICPis in cancer immunotherapy and provide an overview to impart a broad understanding of the critical issues that are encountered in clinical oncology practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.