ReviewJournal of anatomy2019
Intermediate progenitors and Tbr2 in cortical development.
Review in Journal of anatomy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 154 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anomalous brain gyrification patterns in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and transdiagnostic integration.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- BBX maintains mammalian brain development by repressing p53-mediated p21 expression.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Divergent structural trajectories for pallial regionalization within reptiles reveal conserved evolutionary blueprints.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Identification of novel genes with enriched expression in human intermediate progenitors reveals a key role for CDKN3 in cortical development.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Interspecific diversity in the neuronal composition of the mammalian cortex arises from heterochrony in neurogenesis.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Molecular signatures and lineage diversification of neurogenic and gliogenic radial glia in the gyrencephalic ferret cortex.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Requirements for Human Cerebral Organoids.Cell proliferation · 2026Article
- DifferentialProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Temporal Transcriptional Regulation of Human Neuronal Differentiation via Forward Programming.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Integrated ERK-PKA-YAP/TAZ-SHH Signaling Orchestrates Cortical Radial Glia Identity and Lineage Diversification.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Pharmacological inhibition of MCL-1 disrupts mitochondrial cristae and depletes the human neural progenitor cell pool.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- INSM1 governs a neuronal progenitor state that drives glioblastoma in a human stem cell model.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Molecular signatures and lineage diversification of neurogenic and gliogenic radial glia in the gyrencephalic ferret cortex.Research square · 2025Article
- Cell-type-specific dysregulation of gene expression due to Chd8 haploinsufficiency during mouse cortical development.Cell genomics · 2025Article
- Prenatal alcohol exposure perturbs the development of radial glial cells in the fetal olfactory bulb.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025Article
- Dmrt2 regulates sex-biased neuronal development in the cingulate cortex.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Thyroid hormone promotes fetal neurogenesis.JCI insight · 2025Article
- A conserved logic for the development of cortical layering in tetrapods.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Preimplantational ethanol exposure causes disturbances in gene expression and abnormalities in cerebral cortex morphogenesis and behavior.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Article
- Bi-Allelic Loss-of-Function Variant in MAN1B1 Cause Rafiq Syndrome and Developmental Delay.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In developing cerebral cortex, intermediate progenitors (IPs) are transit amplifying cells that specifically express Tbr2 (gene: Eomes), a T-box transcription factor. IPs are derived from radial glia (RG) progenitors, the neural stem cells of developing cortex. In turn, IPs generate glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) exclusively. IPs are found in ventricular and subventricular zones, where they differentiate as distinct ventricular IP (vIP) and outer IP (oIP) subtypes. Morphologically, IPs have short processes, resembling filopodia or neurites, that transiently contact other cells, most importantly dividing RG cells to mediate Delta-Notch signaling. Also, IPs secrete a chemokine, Cxcl12, which guides interneuron and microglia migrations and promotes thalamocortical axon growth. In mice, IPs produce clones of 1-12 PNs, sometimes spanning multiple layers. After mitosis, IP daughter cells undergo asymmetric cell death in the majority of instances. In mice, Tbr2 is necessary for PN differentiation and subtype specification, and to repress IP-genic transcription factors. Tbr2 directly represses Insm1, an IP-genic transcription factor gene, as well as Pax6, a key activator of Tbr2 transcription. Without Tbr2, abnormal IPs transiently accumulate in elevated numbers. More broadly, Tbr2 regulates the transcriptome by activating or repressing hundreds of direct target genes. Notably, Tbr2 'unlocks' and activates PN-specific genes, such as Tbr1, by recruiting Jmjd3, a histone H3K27me3 demethylase that removes repressive epigenetic marks placed by polycomb repressive complex 2. IPs have played an important role in the evolution and gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex, and TBR2 is essential for human brain development.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.