ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2019
Oral contraceptive use and depression among adolescents.
Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation (iTBS) Modulates Abnormal Brain Activity During Emotional Arousal in Adolescent Depression: A Pilot Study.Brain topography · 2026Article
- Identifying psychiatric comorbidities that occur following the introduction of hormonal contraception: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Cardiometabolic, Glycaemic, and Metabolic Safety of Hormonal Contraceptives in Women with Medical Conditions: A Systematic Review.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
- Research Review: Are sampling biases masking long-term effects of hormonal contraceptive use in adolescence on risk for depression?Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Associations between oral hormonal contraceptives and internalising problems in adolescent girls.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Affective Disorders: An Updated Review.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Review
- Depression and Its Associated Factor Among Women Using Hormonal Contraceptives: A Cross-Sectional Study in Jimma Town Public Health Facilities, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Associations between dairy and alcohol consumption and major depressive disorder in a mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Childhood emotional maltreatment affects depression of adolescents with mood disorders: the mediating role of functions of non-suicidal self-injury.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Association of Hormonal Contraceptives with Depression among Women in Reproductive Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Analytic Study.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2024Article
- Current oral contraceptive use affects explicit and implicit measures of depression in women.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Chinese college students' mental health during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic: the protective role of family functioning.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Depression Among Women Using Hormonal Contraceptives in Mogadishu, Somalia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Open access journal of contraception · 2024Article
- The Mind Body Connection in Dermatologic Conditions: A Literature Review.Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery · 2023Review
- Population-based cohort study of oral contraceptive use and risk of depression.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Article
- The Impact of Nicotine along with Oral Contraceptive Exposure on Brain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Female Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Association between adolescent oral contraceptive use and future major depressive disorder: a prospective cohort study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2022Article
- Assessing the role of adolescent hormonal contraceptive use on risk for depression: a 3-year longitudinal study protocol.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Stable Anxiety and Depression Trajectories in Late Adolescence for Oral Contraceptive Users.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- [Physician's obligations to inform about complications based on a recent warning from drug authorities].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeDepression is a prevalent health problem affecting U.S. women. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are commonly used for pregnancy prevention, and evidence is mixed regarding any increased risk for incident depression among users, particularly adolescents.
methodsWe examined the relationship between OCP use and depressive disorders among female adolescents using validated, structured interview assessments in a general population sample of adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Respondents were 4765 female adolescents with no history of pregnancy who reported current OCP use, lifetime OCP use, and age of OCP initiation. Lifetime and current depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder and depressive episodes, were assessed by lay interviewers.
resultsIn logistic regression models adjusted for a range of confounders, there was no relationship between ever using OCPs and lifetime depressive disorder (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.88-1.37), nor current use of OCPs and current depressive disorder (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.50-1.35). Using survival analysis for age-of-onset data, we found that OCP use is not associated with an increased risk of depressive disorders.
conclusionsIn sum, use of OCPs in a general population sample of adolescents did not increase the risk of depressive disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.