ArticleBMC ophthalmology2019
HOXA9 is a novel myopia risk gene.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between mechanical stress and epigenetic modifications in outer retinal layer remodeling in high myopia.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Research Progress of Epigenetic Modifications in Myopia.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Identification of potential biomarkers of myopia based on machine learning algorithms.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Roles of growth factors in eye development and ophthalmic diseases.Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2022Review
- miR-328-3p Affects Axial Length Via Multiple Routes and Anti-miR-328-3p Possesses a Potential to Control Myopia Progression.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Study on Factors Associated with High Myopia CNV in Aqueous Humor and Serum.BioMed research international · 2022Article
- IMI 2021 Yearly Digest.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeA recent meta-analysis revealed PAX6 as a risk gene for myopia. There is a link between PAX6 and HOXA9. Furthermore, HOXA9 has been reported to activate TGF-β that is a risk factor for myopia. We speculate HOXA9 may participate in myopia development.
methodsThe Singapore GUSTO birth cohort provides data on children's cycloplegic refraction measured at age of 3 years and their methylation profile based on the umbilical cord DNA. The HOXA9 expression levels were measured in the eyes of mono-ocular form deprivation myopia in mice. The plasmid with the mouse HOXA9 cDNA was constructed and then transfected to mouse primary retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The expression levels of myopia-related genes and cell proliferation were measured in the HOXA9-overexpressed RPE cells.
resultsA total of 519 children had data on methylation profile and cycloplegic refraction. The mean spherical equivalent refraction (SE) was 0.90D. Among 8 SE outliers (worse than -2D), 7 children had HOXA9 hypomethylation. The HOXA9 levels in the retina of myopic eyes was 2.65-fold (p = 0.029; paired t-test) higher than the uncovered fellow eyes. When HOXA9 was over-expressed in the RPE cells, TGF-β, MMP2, FGF2 and IGF1R expression levels were dose-dependently increased by HOXA9. However, over-expression of HOXA9 had no significant influence on IGF1 or HGF expression. In addition, HOXA9 also increased RPE proliferation.
conclusionBased on the human, animal and cellular data, the transcription factor HOXA9 may promote the expression of pro-myopia genes and RPE proliferation, which eventually contribute to myopia development.
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