ReviewHead and neck pathology2019
Black and Brown: Non-neoplastic Pigmentation of the Oral Mucosa.
Review in Head and neck pathology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting.Head and neck pathology · 2021Guideline
- Changes in Oral Mucosa Associated with Melanotan II Injections: A Case Report.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Oral Mucosal Melanoma In Situ Manifesting as Multiple Gingival Macules Around a Dental Implant-Based Prosthesis: A Case Report.Case reports in dentistry · 2026Article
- Orolabial Melanosis: Principles of Formulating a Clinical Diagnosis.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2026Article
- Contemporary Classification and Diagnostic Pathways for Common Gingival and Alveolar Ridge Lesions.International journal of dentistry · 2026Review
- Pigmented Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: Clinical Presentation, Histology, and Recommendations for Management.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2025Review
- Prevalence and associated factors of oral pigmented lesions among Yemeni dental patients: a large cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Descriptive study on oral health and pathologies in vulnerable migrant adolescents from North and West Africa.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Impact of Mercury from Dental Amalgams on Pregnancy and Childhood: A Health and Risk Assessment Evaluation.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Lip Melanosis Postdermal Filler Injection: Second Case Report and Literature Review.Case reports in dentistry · 2025Article
- Article
- Differential Diagnosis of Pigmented Lesions in the Oral Mucosa: A Clinical Based Overview and Narrative Review.Cancers · 2024Review
- Gingivectomy-Gingivoplasty for Oral Physiological Melanosis Depigmentation: A Case Report Involving Human Papillomavirus.Dentistry journal · 2024Article
- Citalopram-Induced Oral Melanotic Macules in a Female Patient and a Review of the Literature.Cureus · 2024Article
- Efficacy and Risks of Different Treatments for Oral Hyperpigmentation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Unilateral Hyperpigmented Facial Lesion Since Birth.Cureus · 2023Article
- Black hairy tongue after alprazolam intake.Clinical case reports · 2023Article
- Oral hyperpigmentation as an adverse effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients: A systematic review and pooled prevalence.Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry · 2023Review
- Congenital Melanotic Macule of the Tongue: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review.Head and neck pathology · 2023Review
- Assessment of the Possible Correlation between the Presence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Hairy Tongue Lesion in a Group of Patients in Syria: A Cross-Sectional and Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Black and brown pigmentation of the oral mucosa can occur due to a multitude of non-neoplastic causes. Endogenous or exogenous pigments may be responsible for oral discoloration which can range from innocuous to life-threatening in nature. Physiologic, reactive, and idiopathic melanin production seen in smoker's melanosis, drug-related discolorations, melanotic macule, melanoacanthoma and systemic diseases are presented. Exogenous sources of pigmentation such as amalgam tattoo and black hairy tongue are also discussed. Determining the significance of mucosal pigmented lesions may represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Biopsy is indicated whenever the source of pigmentation cannot be definitively identified based on the clinical presentation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.