ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2019
Effects of Betaine on LPS-Stimulated Activation of Microglial M1/M2 Phenotypes by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Pathways in N9 Cells.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Betaine in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potential.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dietary betaine alleviates corticosterone-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in laying hens possibly by promoting tight junction protein expression via mPoultry science · 2026Article
- MST4 Regulates Microglia Neuroinflammation via Targeting PKM2 Nuclear Translocation in Epilepsy: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiological Relationships and the Impact of Glymphatic System Impairment on Neurodegeneration.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Exploring the Multifunctional Roles of Betaine: Traditional Applications, Emerging Technologies, and Green Chemistry Innovations.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Betaine Mitigates Paclitaxel-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Phlorizin Alleviates Depression-like Behaviors via Gut Microbiota Reprogramming-Induced Methionine to Inhibit Neuroinflammation in Mice Hippocampus.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effects of short-term very low-calorie diet on metabolic profile in patients with metabolic syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Potential impacts of acupuncture on motor function recovery after ischemic stroke: insights from basic and clinical studies.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- MnTheranostics · 2025Article
- The Chinese herbal prescription Kang-Gong-Yan alleviates cervicitis by modulating metabolites and gut microbiota.Pharmaceutical biology · 2024Article
- Propionate Decreases Microglial Activation but Impairs Phagocytic Capacity in Response to Aggregated Fibrillar Amyloid Beta Protein.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Altered gut microbe metabolites in patients with alcohol‑induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head: An integrated omics analysis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Current methods for the microglia isolation: Overview and comparative analysis of approaches.Cell and tissue research · 2024Review
- Periplaneta Americana Extract Ameliorates LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury Via Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.Current medical science · 2023Article
- Phenylethanoid Glycosides of Cistanche Improve Learning and Memory Disorders in APP/PS1 Mice by Regulating Glial Cell Activation and Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.Neuromolecular medicine · 2023Article
- Betaine Mitigates Amyloid-β-Associated Neuroinflammation by Suppressing the NLRP3 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Microglial Cells.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia mediate multiple facets of neuroinflammation. They can be phenotypically divided into a classical phenotype (pro-inflammatory, M1) or an alternative phenotype (anti-inflammatory, M2) with different physiological characteristics and biological functions in the inflammatory process. Betaine has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aimed to verify the anti-inflammatory effects of betaine and elucidate its possible molecular mechanisms of action in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells were used as an inflammatory model to study the anti-inflammatory efficacy of betaine and explore its mechanism of regulating microglial polarisation by investigating the morphological changes and associated inflammatory changes. Cytokine and inflammatory mediator expression was also measured by ELISA, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88)-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, p-NF-κB p65, IκB, p-IκB, IκB kinase (IKK), and p-IKK expression was determined by western blot analysis. Betaine significantly mitigated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. It promoted the conversion of the microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype by decreasing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD16/32 and by increasing that of CD206 and arginase-1. Betaine treatment inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB pathways by attenuating the expression of TLR4-Myd88 and blocking the phosphorylation of IκB and IKK. In conclusion, betaine could significantly alleviate LPS-induced inflammation by regulating the polarisation of microglial phenotype; thus, it might be an effective therapeutic agent for neurological disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.