ArticleNeuro-oncology2019
Modulation of temozolomide dose differentially affects T-cell response to immune checkpoint inhibition.
Article in Neuro-oncology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lipid metabolism associated with efficacy of metronomic capecitabine and camrelizumab in gastrointestinal cancer: an exploratory clinical trial.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
- MALT1 protease inhibition restrains glioblastoma progression by reversing tumor-associated macrophage-dependent immunosuppression in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The evolution of chemotherapy in brain tumors: from historical milestones to precision medicine in glioblastoma.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2026Review
- Immunosuppressive mechanisms and therapeutic interventions shaping glioblastoma immunity.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Pre-Treatment with Dacarbazine Sensitizes B16 Melanoma to CAR T Cell Therapy in Syngeneic Mouse Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Vaccine-induced immunity is maintained in glioma patients relative to other solid tumours.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Dual-action nanotherapy: Temozolomide-loaded, anti-PD-L1 scFv-functionalized lipid nanocarriers for targeted glioblastoma therapy.European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences · 2025Article
- Sensitization of tumours to immunotherapy by boosting early type-I interferon responses enables epitope spreading.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- The Role of TIM-3 in Glioblastoma Progression.Cells · 2025Review
- Development of Syngeneic Murine Glioma Models with Somatic Mismatch Repair Deficiency to Study Therapeutic Responses to Alkylating Agents and Immunotherapy.Current protocols · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors for glioblastoma: emerging science, clinical advances, and future directions.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Isovalerylspiramycin I Reprograms the Immunosuppressive and Temozolomide-Resistant Microenvironment by Inhibiting the Frizzled-5/Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Glioblastoma.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Anti-PD-1 Antibody Plus Apatinib and Temozolomide for Advanced Acral Melanoma.Cancer management and research · 2025Article
- Immunocytes in the tumor microenvironment: recent updates and interconnections.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis indicates key gene of p53-independent apoptosis is a novel biomarker for clinical application and chemotherapy in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- In vivo mouse models for adult brain tumors: Exploring tumorigenesis and advancing immunotherapy development.Neuro-oncology · 2024Review
- Current approaches in glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2024Review
- An Update on the Clinical Status, Challenges, and Future Directions of Oncolytic Virotherapy for Malignant Gliomas.Current treatment options in oncology · 2024Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe changes induced in host immunity and the tumor microenvironment by chemotherapy have been shown to impact immunotherapy response in both a positive and a negative fashion. Temozolomide is the most common chemotherapy used to treat glioblastoma (GBM) and has been shown to have variable effects on immune response to immunotherapy. Therefore, we aimed to determine the immune modulatory effects of temozolomide that would impact response to immune checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of experimental GBM.
methodsImmune function and antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition were tested after treatment with metronomic dose (MD) temozolomide (25 mg/kg × 10 days) or standard dose (SD) temozolomide (50 mg/kg × 5 days) in the GL261 and KR158 murine glioma models.
resultsSD temozolomide treatment resulted in an upregulation of markers of T-cell exhaustion such as LAG-3 and TIM-3 in lymphocytes which was not seen with MD temozolomide. When temozolomide treatment was combined with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody therapy, the MD temozolomide/PD-1 antibody group demonstrated a decrease in exhaustion markers in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes that was not observed in the SD temozolomide/PD-1 antibody group. Also, the survival advantage of PD-1 antibody therapy in a murine syngeneic intracranial glioma model was abrogated by adding SD temozolomide to treatment. However, when MD temozolomide was added to PD-1 inhibition, it preserved the survival benefit that was seen by PD-1 antibody therapy alone.
conclusionThe peripheral and intratumoral immune microenvironments are distinctively affected by dose modulation of temozolomide.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.