Observational studyThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2019
Emtricitabine triphosphate in dried blood spots is a predictor of viral suppression in HIV infection and reflects short-term adherence to antiretroviral therapy.
Observational study in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antenatal Intracellular Concentrations of Tenofovir Diphosphate and Emtricitabine Triphosphate and Associations Between Tenofovir Diphosphate and Severe Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: IMPAACT-PROMISE (1077BF) Trial.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Trial
- Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Diphosphate, Lamivudine Triphosphate and Emtricitabine Triphosphate in Adolescents With HIV Infection With and Without Tuberculosis Coinfection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2025Article
- Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate Adherence Benchmarks in Dried Blood Spots for Persons With HIV Receiving Tenofovir Alafenamide and Emtricitabine-Based Antiretroviral Therapy (QUANTI-TAF).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Observational
- Viral and host mediators of non-suppressible HIV-1 viremia.Nature medicine · 2023Article
- Tenofovir diphosphate levels in dried blood spots are associated with virologic failure and resistance to first-line therapy in South Africa: a case-control cohort study.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Article
- Short Communication: A Descriptive Analysis of Dried Blood Spot Adherence Testing Among Ugandans with HIV Presenting with Cryptococcal Meningitis.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2021Article
- Association of Hair Concentrations of Antiretrovirals with Virologic Outcomes Among People Living with HIV in Guangxi, China.Patient preference and adherence · 2021Article
- Lower Cumulative Antiretroviral Exposure in People Living With HIV and Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Factors associated with tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in dried blood spots in persons living with HIV.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2020Article
- Short Communication: Cascade of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in Virologically Suppressed Persons Living with HIV.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2020Article
- Brief Report: Short-Term Adherence Marker to PrEP Predicts Future Nonretention in a Large PrEP Demo Project: Implications for Point-of-Care Adherence Testing.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Article
- Moderately High Tenofovir Diphosphate in Dried Blood Spots Indicates Drug Resistance in Viremic Persons Living with HIV.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareObservational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEmtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP), the phosphorylated anabolite of emtricitabine, can be quantified in dried blood spots (DBS). We evaluated FTC-TP in DBS as a predictor of viral suppression and evaluated self-reported adherence as a predictor of FTC-TP.
methodsPersons living with HIV (PLWH) on an FTC-containing regimen were prospectively recruited. A DBS and HIV viral load were obtained during routine clinical visits. Self-reported adherence for 3 days, 30 days and 3 months was captured. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of viral suppression for quantifiable FTC-TP versus below the limit of quantification (BLQ). The utility of self-reported adherence to predict quantifiable FTC-TP was assessed by calculating the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
resultsOne thousand one hundred and fifty-four person-visits from 514 participants who had DBS assayed for FTC-TP were included in the analysis. After adjusting for age, gender, race, BMI, ART class, ART duration, estimated glomerular filtration rate and CD4+ T cell count, the aOR (95% CI) for viral suppression for quantifiable FTC-TP versus BLQ was 7.2 (4.3-12.0; P < 0.0001). After further adjusting for tenofovir diphosphate, the aOR was 2.1 (1.2-4.0; P < 0.015). The area under the ROC curve for 3 day self-reported adherence was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75-0.88) compared with 0.70 (95% CI 0.62-0.77, P = 0.004) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.71-0.86, P = 0.32) for 3 month and 30 day self-reported adherence, respectively.
conclusionsIn PLWH, FTC-TP from DBS is a strong predictor of viral suppression, even after adjusting for tenofovir diphosphate, and was best predicted by 3 day self-reported adherence.
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