ReviewHepatic medicine : evidence and research2019
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: incidence, outcomes, and treatment strategies.
Review in Hepatic medicine : evidence and research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05422118 (Ascitic Fluid Calprotectin as an Accurate Diagnostic Marker for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis), which is not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ascitic Fluid Calprotectin as an Accurate Diagnostic Marker for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- An Epidemiological Meta-Analysis on the Worldwide Prevalence, Resistance, and Outcomes of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Antibiotics for prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: systematic review & Bayesian network meta-analysis.Hepatology international · 2020Pooled it
- Article
- Gonococcal Peritonitis Complicated by Intraperitoneal Abscess and Pleural Empyema: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Changing Etiological Patterns and Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Decompensated Cirrhosis: A 10-Year Cohort Study Before and After COVID-19.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Diagnostic value of integrated albumin-to-leukocyte ratio risk modeling stratification and machine learning approaches for prediction of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- [Predictors of short-term antimicrobial treatment outcomes in patients with liver failure complicated by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A retrospective study].Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Article
- Performance of Early Therapeutic Paracentesis in Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Its Effect on Clinical Outcomes.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- MELD 3.0: Exploring and expanding its utility beyond transplantation.Hepatology forum · 2026Review
- Review
- Scrotal Abscess Induced by Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Involving Enterococcus cecorum.Cureus · 2025Article
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Advanced Cirrhosis: Diagnosis by Tm Mapping and Inflammatory Profiles of Extracellular Vesicles.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Characterising spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in southwestern Nigeria.Ghana medical journal · 2025Article
- Predominant Gram-Positive Etiology May Be Associated with a Lower Mortality Rate but with Higher Antibiotic Resistance in Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A 7-Year Study in a Tertiary Center in Romania.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Fluoroquinolones for the Prophylaxis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Are They Losing Ground?Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Update on the Complications and Management of Liver Cirrhosis.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The impact of comorbidities on the prognosis of patients with septic arthritis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Clinical Findings, Bacterial Agents, and Antibiotic Resistance in Children with Spontaneous Peritonitis in Southern Iran: An Academic Tertiary Referral Center's Experience.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is the most frequent bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis. The reported incidence varies between 7% and 30% in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and ascites, representing one of their main complications. Outcomes in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis are poor since acute kidney injury, acute-on-chronic liver failure, and death occur in as much as 54%, 60%, and 40% of the patients, respectively, at midterm. Early antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is crucial. However, the landscape of microbiological resistance is continuously changing, with an increasing spread of multidrug-resistant organisms that make its current management more challenging. Thus, the selection of the empirical antibiotic treatment should be guided by the severity and location where the infection was acquired, the risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms, and the available information on the local expected bacteriology. The use of albumin as a complementary therapy for selected high-risk patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is recommended in addition to antibiotics. Even though antibiotic prophylaxis has proven to be effective to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a careful selection of high-risk candidates is crucial to avoid antibiotic overuse. In this article we review the pathogenesis, risk factors, and prognosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, as well as the current evidence regarding its treatment and prophylaxis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.