ArticleBMC infectious diseases2019
A decade of antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: what are the emerging causes of death?
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Durable viral suppression in the dolutegravir era: a data-enabled, risk-stratified model for integrated HIV care in Uganda.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence and predictors of virological failure among the people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in East Africa: evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression of published studies from 2016 to 2023.HIV research & clinical practice · 2025Pooled it
- Review of electrocardiographic abnormalities among people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Trends and Clinical Characteristics of HIV and Cerebrovascular Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Between 1990 and 2021.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2022Pooled it
- Meta-synthesis and science mapping analysis of HIV/HPV co-infection: a global perspective with emphasis on Africa.Globalization and health · 2022Pooled it
- Knowledge of HIV status in a rural Ugandan population with a sustained, generalised HIV epidemic.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Predicting HIV viral non-suppression in Uganda: development and validation of machine learning and risk stratification models using routine EMR data.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- An Enhanced Retention Strategy to Prevent the Vertical Transmission of HIV in Uganda: A Budget Impact Analysis.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2025Article
- Association of prior tuberculosis with altered cardiometabolic profiles of people with HIV: A comparative cross-sectional study in Uganda.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Factors Influencing Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Nonadherence in Men During Different Stages of the Life Course: A Case Study in Greater Gaborone, Botswana.AIDS research and treatment · 2025Article
- HIV clinical outcomes among people with HIV and diabetes mellitus in Kampala, Uganda; A matched retrospective cohort study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Advanced HIV disease during the first six months on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: research protocol for a prospective, observational, multi-cohort study.Gates open research · 2025Article
- Assessment of Awareness and Acceptability of Hospital Autopsy Among People Living with HIV and Their Caregivers in Northern Uganda.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Causes of death in adults living with HIV in South Africa: A single-centre postmortem study.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Causes of death in people living with HIV: Lessons from five health facilities in Eswatini.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2024Article
- "I desire to have an HIV-free baby": pregnant and breastfeeding mothers' perceptions of Viral load testing and suppression in HIV care in southwestern Uganda.Discover social science and health · 2024Article
- Factors Associated with Retention in HIV Care Among HIV-Positive Adolescents in Public Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Ibanda District, Rural South Western Uganda.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Aetiology of hospitalized fever and risk of death at Arua and Mubende tertiary care hospitals in Uganda from August 2019 to August 2020.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Predictors of All-Cause Mortality Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in a Prospective Cohort Study in East Africa and Nigeria.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
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5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe roll out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Sub-Saharan Africa led to a decrease in mortality. Few studies have documented the causes of deaths among patients on long term antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our objective was to describe the causes of death among patients on long term ART in Sub-Saharan Africa.
methodsWe used data from a prospective cohort of ART naïve patients receiving care and treatment at the Infectious Diseases Institute in Kampala, Uganda. Patients were followed up for 10 years. All deaths were recorded and possible causes established using verbal autopsy. Deaths were grouped as HIV-related (ART toxicities, any opportunistic infections (OIs) and HIV-related malignancies) and non-HIV related deaths while some remained unknown. We used Kaplan Meier survival methods to estimate cumulative incidence and rates of mortality for all causes of death.
resultsOf the 559, (386, 69%) were female, median age 36 years (IQR: 21-44), 89% had WHO clinical stages 3 and 4, and median CD4 count at ART initiation was 98 cells/μL (IQR: 21-163). A total of 127 (22.7%) deaths occurred in 10 years. The HIV related causes of death (n = 70) included the following; Tuberculosis 17 (24.3%), Cryptococcal meningitis 10 (15.7%), Kaposi's Sarcoma 7(10%), HIV related toxicity 6 (8.6%), HIV related anemia 5(7.1%), Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP) 5 (7.1%), HIV related chronic diarrhea 4 (5.7%), Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 3 (4.3%), Herpes Zoster 2 (2.8%), other 10 (14.3%). The non-HIV related causes of death (n = 20) included non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension, stroke) 6 (30%), malaria 3 (15%), pregnancy-related death 2 (10%), cervical cancer 2 (10%), trauma 1(5%) and others 6 (30%).
conclusionDespite the higher rates of deaths from OIs in the early years of ART initiation, we observed an emergence of non-HIV related causes of morbidity and mortality. It is recommended that HIV programs in resource-limited settings start planning for screening and treatment of non-communicable diseases.
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