ArticleNature communications2019
Efficient oral vaccination by bioengineering virus-like particles with protozoan surface proteins.
Article in Nature communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- In silico design of a T-cell epitope vaccine candidate for parasitic helminth infection.PLoS pathogens · 2020Pooled it
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles ofJournal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Protein nanocages: A new frontier in mucosal vaccine delivery and immune activation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Production of human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles in Physcomitrella photobioreactors.Plant cell reports · 2025Article
- Blades and barriers: Oral vaccines for conquering cancers and warding off infectious diseases.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Induction of systemic and mucosal immune response against Zika virus by vaccination with non-infectious chimeric VLPs.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Giardia increases macrophage production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 in response to lipopolysaccharide via macrophage galactose binding lectin.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- Utilizing NF-κB Signaling in Porcine Epithelial Cells to Identify a Plant-Based Additive for the Development of a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Vaccine.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Bio-encapsulation of allergen-derivatives for specific immunotherapy.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Review
- The Influence of the ProtozoanInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals.Veterinary sciences · 2024Review
- Microbial Matryoshka: Addressing the Relationship between Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoans and Their RNA Viral Endosymbionts (FamilyVeterinary sciences · 2024Review
- Probiotic-derived amphiphilic exopolysaccharide self-assembling adjuvant delivery platform for enhancing immune responses.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Recent development of oral vaccines (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Review
- Review
- Translational Challenges and Prospective Solutions in the Implementation of Biomimetic Delivery Systems.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Giardia VSPAS7 protein attenuates Giardia intestinalis-induced host macrophage pyroptosis.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intestinal and free-living protozoa, such as Giardia lamblia, express a dense coat of variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) on trophozoites that protects the parasite inside the host's intestine. Here we show that VSPs not only are resistant to proteolytic digestion and extreme pH and temperatures but also stimulate host innate immune responses in a TLR-4 dependent manner. We show that these properties can be exploited to both protect and adjuvant vaccine antigens for oral administration. Chimeric Virus-like Particles (VLPs) decorated with VSPs and expressing model surface antigens, such as influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are protected from degradation and activate antigen presenting cells in vitro. Orally administered VSP-pseudotyped VLPs, but not plain VLPs, generate robust immune responses that protect mice from influenza infection and HA-expressing tumors. This versatile vaccine platform has the attributes to meet the ultimate challenge of generating safe, stable and efficient oral vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.