ArticleClinical & experimental ophthalmology2019
Incidence and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with amblyopia: A nationwide cohort study.
Article in Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between ADHD and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Amblyopia and adult health: a comprehensive analysis of long-term systemic, sensory and mental health comorbidities in a national cohort.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Article
- Psychometric validation of the SNAP-IV rating scale in amblyopic children at high AD/HD risk: structural validity and measurement invariance.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Frequencies and patterns of symptoms in Chinese adults with accommodative and binocular dysfunctions.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Article
- Refractive errors and ocular findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: a retrospective study.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- A nationwide cohort study on the risk of ADHD in children with amblyopia mediated by fine motor skill impairment in East Asia.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The impact of image degradation and temporal dynamics on sustained attention.Journal of vision · 2022Article
- High Risk for Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Children with Strabismus: A Nationwide Cohort Study from the National Health Insurance Research Database.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Review
- Incidence and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with amblyopia: A nationwide cohort study.Clinical & experimental ophthalmology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
importanceThe association between visual deficits and attention disorders has been reported but remains unproven.
backgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with amblyopia.
designPopulation-based, cohort study.
participantsThe dataset from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database in 2000 to 2010.
methodsA total of 6817 patients aged <18 years with newly diagnosed amblyopia were identified. Four age- and sex-matched controls without amblyopia were included for each patient, that is, 27268 controls.
main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the risk of ADHD. The secondary outcomes were age at ADHD onset and use of ADHD medication.
resultsDuring a mean observation period of 7.18 years, the incidence of ADHD per 1000 person-years was 7.02 in the amblyopia group and 4.61 in the control group (P < 0.0001). The ADHD risk in the amblyopia group was 1.81 times that in the control group (hazard ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval 1.59-2.06). After stratification by amblyopia subtype, the greatest risk was in the deprivation type (hazard ratio 2.14; 95% confidence interval 1.56-2.92) followed by the strabismic (hazard ratio 2.09; 95% confidence interval 1.15-3.79) and refractive (hazard ratio 1.76; 95% confidence interval 1.54-2.02) types. Age at ADHD onset was younger in the amblyopia group (median 8.14 vs 8.45 years; P = 0.0096). The average duration of neuropsychiatric medication use was comparable between groups (P = 0.98). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The ADHD risk is higher in children with amblyopia.
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