ArticleEnvironmental research2019
Ethylbenzene and styrene exposure in the United States based on urinary mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid: NHANES 2005-2006 and 2011-2012.
Article in Environmental research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urinary Volatile Organic Compound Metabolites Are Associated With MASLD/MASH in Humans and Induce Steatosis in Liver Organoids.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Article
- Short-Term Consumption of Hot Beverages in Polystyrene Cups and Early Biomarkers of Biological Effect: A Single-Arm Longitudinal Human Biomonitoring Pilot Study.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Analysis of 18 mercapturic acids in urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank-tackling the data gap in the human biomonitoring of VOCs in Europe.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Effect of Cigarette Type and Smoking Behavior on Urinary Metabolite Levels of Tobacco-Associated Toxicants.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Identifying Potential Chemicals of Concern in Children's Products in a Regulatory Context: A Systematic Evidence Mapping Approach.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Review
- Associations of exposure to volatile organic compounds with biological aging: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Styrene and ethylbenzene exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal gene-environment interaction study.Eco-Environment & Health · 2024Article
- Effects of Exocellobiohydrolase CBHA on Fermentation of Tobacco Leaves.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
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- TFBMiner: A User-Friendly Command Line Tool for the Rapid Mining of Transcription Factor-Based Biosensors.ACS synthetic biology · 2023Article
- Environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds is associated with endothelial injury.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2022Article
- Characterization of the association between cigarette smoking intensity and urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid among exclusive cigarette smokers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016.Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals · 2021Article
- Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene in the U.S. Population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016.Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals · 2021Article
- Harmonization of acronyms for volatile organic compound metabolites using a standardized naming system.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
- Characterization of acrylonitrile exposure in the United States based on urinary n-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (2CYEMA): NHANES 2011-2016.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2021Article
- Examination of xylene exposure in the U.S. Population through biomonitoring: NHANES 2005-2006, 2011-2016.Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals · 2021Article
- Petroleum and Chlorinated Solvents in Meconium and the Risk of Hypospadias: A Pilot Study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Wave 1 (2013-2014).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Isoprene Exposure in the United States Based on Urinary IPM3: NHANES 2015-2016.Environmental science & technology · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ethylbenzene and styrene are air toxicants with widespread nonoccupational exposure sources, including tobacco smoke and diet. Ethylbenzene and styrene (EB/S) exposure was quantified from their common metabolites measured in spot urine samples obtained from participants (≥6 years old) in the 2005-2006 and 2011-2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; N = 4690). EB/S metabolites mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). MA and PGA were detected in 98.9% and 90.6% of tested urine specimens, respectively. Exclusive smokers had 2-fold and 1.6-fold higher median urinary MA and PGA, respectively, compared with non-users. Sampleweighted regression analysis among exclusive smokers showed that smoking 0.5 pack cigarettes per day significantly increased MA (+97.9 μg/L) and PGA (+69.3 μg/L), controlling for potential confounders. In comparison, exposure from the median daily dietary intake of grain products increased MA by 1.95 μg/L and was not associated with statistically significant changes in urinary PGA levels. Conversely, consuming vegetables and fruit was associated with decreased MA and PGA. These results confirm tobacco smoke as a major source of ethylbenzene and styrene exposure for the general U.S. population.
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