Observational studyBMC public health2019
Non-compliance and associated factors against smoke-free legislation among health care staffs in governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: an observational cross-sectional study.
Observational study in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-compliance with smoke-free law in public places: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global studies.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Compliance with smoke-free laws in hospitality venues in Ethiopia: qualitative insights into barriers and facilitators using the tobacco control theoretical framework.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Compliance with smoke-free laws in hospitality venues in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional observational study in 10 cities.PloS one · 2025Observational
- Smoke-free law compliance and predictive factors in Ethiopia: observational assessment of public places and workplaces.Tobacco control · 2024Observational
- Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Smoke-Free Environments in Ethiopia: A Scoping Review and Narrative Synthesis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Implementation of smoke-free law in Denpasar Bali: Between compliance and social norms of smoking.Journal of public health research · 2020Article
- Retrospective Policy Analysis of Tobacco Prevention and Control in Ethiopia.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn 2014, the Ethiopian government passed a new smoking legislation that banned smoking in public and workplaces including health care facilities. However, data's on level of non-compliance and associated factors with non-compliance towards smoke-free legislation in hospital settings of the country has not been studied yet.
methodsHospital-based Cross-sectional study design triangulated with observational study was conducted in five hospitals. Data were collected through direct observation and interviews using checklist, structured and pre-tested questionnaires for observational study and survey of hospital employee respectively. Nine data collectors and one supervisor were involved in data collection. Three hundred fifty (350) health care staffs were interviewed. Fifteen (15) buildings were purposively observed for observational non-compliance in the selected hospitals. Data were entered by Epi Info and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Logistic regression was used to compute the crude and adjusted odds ratios for the factors affecting employee non-compliance with the legislation. A p-value of < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered to be statistically significant.
resultsAnti-smoking signs were absent from a high proportion of hospital areas (97% overall) although visible cigarette butts were generally not observed in most areas of the hospitals. Non-compliance level among health care staffs was 50(10.3%).Associated factors affecting to the non-compliance level of the staff were: being male (AOR = 5.89, p value = 0.001), having poor knowledge (AOR = 2.71, p-value = 0.022) and having Unfavorable attitudes (AOR = 6.15, p-value = 0.000).
conclusionsNon-compliance level was high and needs careful implementation for 100% smoke-free legislation in addressing knowledge and attitudes of health care staffs.
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