ArticleInfectious diseases and therapy2019
Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Article in Infectious diseases and therapy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis of bacteria related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Development a novel in silico mRNA vaccine against Clostridium difficile.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Epidemiology ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global Burden, Trends, and Inequalities ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparison of toxin gene expression levels and molecular typing ofGastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2024Article
- Incidence and Risk Factors forMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Molecular Epidemiology, Clinical Course, and Implementation of Specific Hygiene Measures in Hospitalised Patients withMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Application of consolidated framework for implementation research to improve Clostridioides difficile infection management in district hospitals.Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP · 2022Article
- Article
- Global research onWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Bezlotoxumab in the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections: a real-life experience.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2022Article
- A review of epidemiological models of Clostridioides difficile transmission and control (2009-2021).Anaerobe · 2022Review
- In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Diagnostic deficiencies ofSaudi journal of biological sciences · 2021Article
- Frequency of toxin genes and antibiotic resistance pattern ofGastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2021Article
- Evaluation of inpatients Clostridium difficile prevalence and risk factors in Cameroon.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2020Article
- Clostridioides difficile ribotypes isolated from domestic environment and from patients in Bangladesh.Anaerobe · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection is rapidly increasing worldwide, but prevalence is difficult to estimate in developing countries where awareness, diagnostic resources, and surveillance protocols are limited. As diarrhea is the hallmark symptom, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence and incidence of C. difficile infection in patients in these regions who presented with diarrhea.
methodsWe conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases to identify and analyze data from recent studies providing prevalence or incidence rates of C. difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries within four regions: Africa-Middle East, developing Asia, Latin America, and China. Our objectives were to determine the current prevalence and incidence density rates of first episodes of C. difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries.
resultsWithin the regions included in our analysis, prevalence of C. difficile infection in patients with diarrhea was 15% (95% CI 13-17%) (including community and hospitalized patients), with no significant difference across regions. The incidence of C. difficile infection in 17 studies including this information was 8.5 per 10,000 patient-days (95% CI 5.83-12.46). Prevalence was significantly higher in hospitalized patients versus community patients (p = 0.0227).
conclusionOur prevalence estimate of 15% is concerning; however, low awareness and inconsistent diagnostic and surveillance protocols suggest this is markedly underestimated. Enhanced awareness and management of C. difficile infection in patients with diarrhea, along with improvements in infection control and surveillance practices, should be implemented to reduce prevalence of C. difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries.
fundingPfizer Inc.
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