ReviewBritish journal of pharmacology2019
Sex differences in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: Are gonadal hormones the link?
Review in British journal of pharmacology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-biased transcriptomic landscapes in bipolar disorder: integrating neurobiology and clinical heterogeneity through cross-study meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2026Pooled it
- Resilience in Bipolar Disorder Compared to Clinical and Non-Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in schizophrenia: symptomatology, treatment efficacy and adverse effects.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Progesterone Attenuates the Stress Response in Individuals with Alcohol Dependence and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - A Pilot Study.Journal of dual diagnosisTrial
- Sex differences in higher-order cognition in schizophrenia and unaffected first-degree relatives: a longitudinal, family study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Estradiol signaling in the medial preoptic nucleus: a lifespan framework for female sleep regulation.Sleep · 2026Article
- Inclusion of women in French psychiatric clinical trials: an exploratory study of researchers' experiences and challenges.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Article
- Trends in Burden of Schizophrenia among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Global Analysis from 1990 to 2021.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Involvement of the central amygdaloid nucleus in the regulation of sex differences in the stress relief response in mice.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Causal effect heterogeneity estimation using summary statistics.Research square · 2026Article
- Nonlinear and sex-specific effects of V1aR deletion on juvenile social behavior.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Rescue of cognitive and negative-like symptoms by chronic aripiprazole treatment in a 3-hit mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorder.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Genetics to Improve Outcomes in Schizophrenia (GENios): A within-case molecular genetic study protocol.PloS one · 2026Article
- Molecular Signatures of Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia: Transcriptomic and Machine-Learning Insights into Calcium and cAMP Signaling, Including Sex-Specific Patterns.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Unraveling Cannabidiol's Dual Modulatory Role in Schizophrenia: Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Validation of Neuroinflammatory and Behavioral Modulation.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Discrimination of first-onset patients with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder using screened biochemical parameters.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- Sex- and age- differences in the expression of critical blood-brain barrier regulators: a physiological context.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Psychiatric Comorbidities in Women With Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome or Müllerian Duct Aplasia/Agenesis.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Towards a neurodevelopmental model of bipolar disorder: a critical review of trait- and state-related functional neuroimaging in adolescents and young adults.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Comparison of the multivariate genetic architecture of eight major psychiatric disorders across sex.Nature genetics · 2025Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this review, we describe the sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptom profiles, and disease outcome that are evident in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Women with schizophrenia tend to exhibit less disease impairment than men. By contrast, women with post-traumatic stress disorder are more affected than men. The most likely candidates to explain these sex differences are gonadal hormones. This review details the clinical evidence that oestradiol and progesterone are dysregulated in these psychiatric disorders. Notably, existing data on oestradiol, and to a lesser extent, progesterone, suggest that low levels of these hormones may increase the risk of disease development and worsen symptom severity. We argue that future studies require a more inclusive, considered analysis of gonadal steroid hormones and the intricacies of the interactions between them, with methodological rigour applied, to enhance our understanding of the roles of steroid hormones in psychiatric disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.