Observational studyDiabetes care2019
Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Childhood Glucose Metabolism.
Observational study in Diabetes care, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 322 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
322 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 562 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-term metabolic consequences ofFrontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Early pregnancy biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus prediction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of routine laboratory, metabolic, and inflammatory markers.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Prognostic Impact of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of More Than 90 000 Pregnancies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Pooled it
- Investigating the Role of Skin Autofluorescence in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Identification and Potential Clinical Utility of Common Genetic Variants in Gestational Diabetes among Chinese Pregnant Women.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of circulating adiponectin levels on incident gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta‑analysis.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Guideline
- Association of gestational diabetes mellitus with overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Pooled it
- Enhancing gestational diabetes mellitus education: a randomized controlled trial of King's theory and FMEA-PDCA integration for improved patient outcomes.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Trial
- Maternal and umbilical cord serum lipids in gestational diabetes predict offspring insulin secretion and resistance at the age of nine years.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Trial
- Cost effectiveness of early metformin in addition to usual care in the reduction of gestational diabetes mellitus effects (EMERGE)-A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Trial
- Changing diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes (CDC4G) in Sweden: A stepped wedge cluster randomised trial.PLoS medicine · 2024Trial
- Lifestyle interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Associations between maternal and offspring glucose metabolism: a 9-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Trial
- Glycated CD59: a novel biomarker for gestational diabetes.Endocrine reviews · 2026Review
- Perinatal Outcomes of Subgroups of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Twin Pregnancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Maternal-fetal medicine (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.) · 2026Article
- Overlap of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pre-eclampsia: A Scoping Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Review
- Perinatal Semaglutide Treatment Improves Maternal Health and Mitigates Offspring Metabolic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Maternal Obesity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Cardiovascular Health Among Offspring in Early Adulthood.JAMA network open · 2026Article
262 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWhether hyperglycemia in utero less than overt diabetes is associated with altered childhood glucose metabolism is unknown. We examined associations of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) not confounded by treatment with childhood glycemia in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsHAPO Follow-up Study (FUS) included 4,160 children ages 10-14 years who completed all or part of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and whose mothers had a 75-g OGTT at ∼28 weeks of gestation with blinded glucose values. The primary predictor was GDM by World Health Organization criteria. Child outcomes were impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes. Additional measures included insulin sensitivity and secretion and oral disposition index.
resultsFor mothers with GDM, 10.6% of children had IGT compared with 5.0% of children of mothers without GDM; IFG frequencies were 9.2% and 7.4%, respectively. Type 2 diabetes cases were too few for analysis. Odds ratios (95% CI) adjusted for family history of diabetes, maternal BMI, and child BMI
conclusionsOffspring exposed to untreated GDM in utero are insulin resistant with limited β-cell compensation compared with offspring of mothers without GDM. GDM is significantly and independently associated with childhood IGT.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.