ArticlePloS one2019
Mapping and quantification of ferruginous outcrop savannas in the Brazilian Amazon: A challenge for biodiversity conservation.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Scientists' warning on the global destruction of rock outcrop ecosystems.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Article
- Genetic-based conservation status indicators applied to endemics with restricted distributions: a case for eastern Amazonian cangas plants.Annals of botany · 2026Article
- Microclimate drives demographic compensation in a narrow endemic tropical species.The New phytologist · 2026Article
- The use of fish diversity and abundance as environmental indicators in a mining region in Brazilian Amazonia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The shared performance of different COI regions increases the niche breadth detectable from bat guano eDNA.Genetics and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Surface geoenvironments shape organic matter inputs in iron-ore caves of Carajás, southeastern Amazonia.PloS one · 2026Article
- A Palynological Atlas of the AmazonPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Subterranean fauna associated with mesovoid shallow substratum in canga formations from southeastern Brazil: invertebrate biodiversity of a highly threatened ecosystem.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Origin of sandy substrates controlling the distribution of open vegetation ecosystems in Amazonia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Amazonian Odonata Trait Bank.Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- Changes in soil properties during iron mining and in rehabilitating minelands in the Eastern Amazon.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Investigating Changes Driving Cumulative Impacts on Native Vegetation in Mining Regions in the Northeastern Brazilian Amazon.Environmental management · 2022Article
- New plastomes of eight Ipomoea species and four putative hybrids from Eastern Amazon.PloS one · 2022Article
- Unraveling the plant diversity of the AmazonianEcology and evolution · 2021Article
- Flora of Ferruginous Outcrops Under Climate Change: A Study in theFrontiers in plant science · 2021Article
- Optimizing speleological monitoring efforts: insights from long-term data for tropical iron caves.PeerJ · 2021Article
- Forest Matrix Fosters High Similarity in Bee Composition Occurring on Isolated Outcrops Within Amazon Biome.Environmental entomology · 2020Article
- Range-wide neutral and adaptive genetic structure of an endemic herb from Amazonian Savannas.AoB PLANTS · 2020Article
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10 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The eastern Brazilian Amazon contains many isolated ferruginous savanna ecosystem patches (locally known as 'canga vegetation') located on ironstone rocky outcrops on the top of plateaus and ridges, surrounded by tropical rainforests. In the Carajás Mineral Province (CMP), these outcrops contain large iron ore reserves that have been exploited by opencast mining since the 1980s. The canga vegetation is particularly impacted by mining, since the iron ores that occur are associated with this type of vegetation and currently, little is known regarding the extent of canga vegetation patches before mining activities began. This information is important for quantifying the impact of mining, in addition to helping plan conservation programmes. Here, land cover changes of the Canga area in the CMP are evaluated by estimating the pre-mining area of canga patches and comparing it to the actual extent of canga patches. We mapped canga vegetation using geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) from 1973 Landsat-1 MSS, 1984 and 2001 Landsat-5 TM, and 2016 Landsat-8 OLI images, and found that canga vegetation originally occupied an area of 144.2 km2 before mining exploitation. By 2016, 19.6% of the canga area was lost in the CMP due to conversion to other land-use types (mining areas, pasturelands). In the Carajás National Forest (CNF), located within the CMP, the original canga vegetation covered 105.2 km2 (2.55% of the CNF total area), and in 2016, canga vegetation occupied an area of 77.2 km2 (1.87%). Therefore, after more than three decades of mineral exploitation, less than 20% of the total canga area was lost. Currently, 21% of the canga area in the CMP is protected by the Campos Ferruginosos National Park. By documenting the initial extent of canga vegetation in the eastern Amazon and the extent to which it has been lost due to mining operations, the results of this work are the first step towards conserving this ecosystem.
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