ArticlePloS one2019
Propyl gallate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through the induction of ROS and the activation of autophagy.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- The first record of biological activities and chemical constituents of different extracts and semi-purified fractions of Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff (Asteraceae).BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Propyl gallate induces human pulmonary fibroblast cell death through the regulation of Bax and caspase-3.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Propyl gallate induces cell death in human pulmonary fibroblast through increasing reactive oxygen species levels and depleting glutathione.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effect of ethyl gallate and propyl gallate on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 J mice: preventive and protective.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Article
- Targeting and regulation of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: revisiting the molecular interactions and mechanisms for new therapy approaches.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Review
- The Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Caspase Inhibitors in Propyl Gallate-Treated Lung Cancer Cells Are Related to Changes in Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione Levels.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Development of Lomustine andPharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Immunometabolic factors contributing to obesity-linked hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- Gallic Acid Derivatives Propyl Gallate and Epigallocatechin Gallate Reduce rRNA Transcription via Induction of KDM2A Activation.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- Zebrafish Xenotransplantation Models for Studying Gene Function and Drug Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2021Review
- Xenograft Zebrafish Models for the Development of Novel Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Molecules.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Development and Characterization ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Current Evidence and Perspectives.Current obesity reports · 2021Review
- Xmrks the Spot: Fish Models for Investigating Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Cancer Research.Cells · 2021Review
- Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Critical signaling pathways governing hepatocellular carcinoma behavior; small molecule-based approaches.Cancer cell international · 2021Review
- Quality-by-Design-Based Development of n-Propyl-Gallate-Loaded Hyaluronic-Acid-Coated Liposomes for Intranasal Administration.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Extracts of Digested Berries Increase the Survival ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Catalpol inhibits the proliferation, migration and metastasis of HCC cells by regulating miR‑140‑5p expression.Molecular medicine reports · 2021Article
- miR526b and miR655 Induce Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been attributed to a high frequency of tumor metastasis and recurrence even after successful surgical resection. With less than 30% of patients benefiting from curative treatment, alternative treatment regimens for patients with advanced HCC are needed. Propyl gallate (PG), a synthetic antioxidant used in preserving food and medicinal preparations, has been shown to induce cancer cell death, but the anticancer effects of PG in HCC are unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that PG inhibited HCC cell proliferation in vitro and in zebrafish models in vivo in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PG also induced cell apoptosis and increased the number of necrotic cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner as determined using a high-content analysis system. We found that PG also increased the intracellular levels of superoxide and reactive oxidative stress as well as the formation of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Regarding the molecular mechanism, PG did not alter the levels of autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), ATG5/12 or Beclin-1 but increased the rate of the LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, suggesting autophagy induction. PG exposure increased the levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, Bax, and Bad and a decreased level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PG inhibits HCC cell proliferation through enhanced ROS production and autophagy activation. Finally, PG-treated cells induced cell apoptosis and may be a new candidate for HCC therapy.
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