ArticleNature protocols2019
High-fidelity probing of the structure and heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles by resonance-enhanced atomic force microscopy infrared spectroscopy.
Article in Nature protocols, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanical insights into regulation of bio-nano interactions for lipid-based nanocarriers.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Infrared Near-Field Microscopy as a Platform for Nanoscale Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Review
- Multifactor authentication in extracellular vesicle analysis: methods and approaches to address the heterogeneity problem.Nature methods · 2026Review
- Rethinking Extracellular Vesicle Signaling.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- The Comparison between Different Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Methods by AFM-IR Nanospectroscopy.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Nanoscale Analysis beyond Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy: Molecular Perspectives on Oncology and Neurodegeneration.Small science · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles for Clinical Diagnostics: From Bulk Measurements to Single-Vesicle Analysis.ACS nano · 2025Review
- Cannabidiol-Loaded Retinal Organoid-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Protect Oxidatively Stressed ARPE-19 Cells.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Toward Clarity in Single Extracellular Vesicle Research: Defining the Field and Correcting Missteps.ACS nano · 2025Review
- On the dilemma of using single EV analysis for liquid biopsy: the challenge of low abundance of tumor EVs in blood.Theranostics · 2025Review
- Recent Advancements in Imaging Techniques for Individual Extracellular Vesicles.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake and implications for the design of cancer therapeutics.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Review
- A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Cellular communication through extracellular vesicles and lipid droplets.Journal of extracellular biology · 2023Review
- Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells - a novel therapeutic tool in infectious diseases.Inflammation and regeneration · 2023Review
- Current Advances in Technologies for Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis and Its Clinical Applications in Cancer Diagnosis.Biosensors · 2023Review
- The role of extracellular vesicles in periodontitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and future directions in diagnosis and therapy.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- The Convergence of FTIR and EVs: Emergence Strategy for Non-Invasive Cancer Markers Discovery.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Infrared nanospectroscopic imaging of DNA molecules on mica surface.Scientific reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are highly specialized nanoscale assemblies that deliver complex biological cargos to mediate intercellular communication. EVs are heterogeneous, and characterization of this heterogeneity is paramount to understanding EV biogenesis and activity, as well as to associating them with biological responses and pathologies. Traditional approaches to studying EV composition generally lack the resolution and/or sensitivity to characterize individual EVs, and therefore the assessment of EV heterogeneity has remained challenging. We have recently developed an atomic force microscope IR spectroscopy (AFM-IR) approach to probe the structural composition of single EVs with nanoscale resolution. Here, we provide a step-by-step procedure for our approach and show its power to reveal heterogeneity across individual EVs, within the same population of EVs and between different EV populations. Our approach is label free and able to detect lipids, proteins and nucleic acids within individual EVs. After isolation of EVs from cell culture medium, the protocol involves incubation of the EV sample on a suitable substrate, setup of the AFM-IR instrument and collection of nano-IR spectra and nano-IR images. Data acquisition and analyses can be completed within 24 h, and require only a basic knowledge of spectroscopy and chemistry. We anticipate that new understanding of EV composition and structure through AFM-IR will contribute to our biological understanding of EV biology and could find application in disease diagnosis and the development of EV therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.