Observational studyBMC pediatrics2019
The association between antibiotics in the first year of life and child growth trajectory.
Observational study in BMC pediatrics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Parenteral Vaccine-Induced Antibody Levels in Children with Heavy Antibiotic Exposure in Dhaka, Bangladesh.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Trial
- Review
- Distinct infant resistome trajectories shaped by country income and geography revealed through global metagenomics reanalysis.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Article
- Antibiotic Use in the First 2 Years of Life Is Related to Longitudinal BMI Trajectories From 0 to 18 years: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of obesity · 2026Article
- Improvement and Recovery of Intestinal Flora Disorder Caused by Ciprofloxacin Using Lactic Acid Bacteria.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Poor growth in multi-ethnic children with food allergy in Amsterdam.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Exposure and Childhood Overweight/Obesity: Evidence from Epidemiological and Experimental Studies.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Parental perception of antibiotic use in children at home: a cross-sectional study.Revista brasileira de enfermagem · 2025Article
- Exposure to prescribed medication in early life and impacts on gut microbiota and disease development.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Review
- Association of Neonatal Antibiotic Exposure with Long-Term Growth Trajectory Faltering in Preterm-Birth Children.Neonatology · 2024Article
- The resistance within: Antibiotic disruption of the gut microbiome and resistome dynamics in infancy.Cell host & microbe · 2022Review
- Association of Antibiotic Use during the First 6 Months of Life with Body Mass of Children.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Intestinal microbiota research from a global perspective.Gastroenterology report · 2022Review
- Development of a data science CURE in microbiology using publicly available microbiome datasets.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Early-life gut microbiota and its connection to metabolic health in children: Perspective on ecological drivers and need for quantitative approach.EBioMedicine · 2021Review
- Gut-Liver Immune Traffic: Deciphering Immune-Pathogenesis to Underpin Translational Therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- The impact of early life antibiotic use on atopic and metabolic disorders: Meta-analyses of recent insights.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2020Article
- Microbial Colonization From the Fetus to Early Childhood-A Comprehensive Review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntibiotics are frequently prescribed to children, and may be an environmental influence that contributes to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of antibiotic use in the first year of life on child growth trajectories from birth to age 6 years including significant covariates.
methodsData from 586 children in the Infant Feeding Practices II (IFPS II) and 6 year follow-up study (6YFU) were included. Antibiotic exposures, weight and height measurements were collected from birth through the first 12 months, and then again at 6 years. Linear mixed effects growth modeling, controlling for exclusive breastfeeding, socio-demographic factors, smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and maternal pre-pregnancy weight status, was used to examine the association between antibiotic exposure and child growth trajectories through age 6 years.
resultsThe majority of infants (60.58%) did not receive any antibiotics; 33.79% received 1-2 courses and 5.63% received 3 or more antibiotic courses during the first year. In the unadjusted model, children with 1-2 antibiotic exposures had a 0.17 (SE 0.08) higher rate of change in BMI z-score (BMIz) than children without any antibiotics, and children with ≥3 exposures had a 0.42 (SE 0.16) higher rate of change in BMIz (p = 0.009). Growth trajectory over time for those who had ≥3 antibiotics was greater than those without any antibiotics (p = 0.002).
conclusionsEfforts to guide the judicious use of antibiotics should continue, particularly in the first year of life.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.